@article{ author = {Abboud, R. and Issa, H. and Abed-Allah, Y. D. and Bakraji, E. H.}, title = {Application of radioisotope XRF and thermoluminescence (TL) dating in investigation of pottery from Tell AL-Kasra archaeological site, Syria}, journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes}, volume = {105}, pages = {47-51}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {Statistical analysis based on chemical composition, using radioisotope X-ray fluorescence, have been applied on 39 ancient pottery fragments coming from the excavation at Tell Al-Kasra archaeological site, Syria. Three groups were defined by applying Cluster and Factor analysis statistical methods. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating was investigated on three sherds taken from the bathroom (hammam) on the site. Multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD) was used to estimate the paleodose value, and the gamma spectrometry was used to estimate the dose rate. The average age was found to be 715 +/- 36 year. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0969-8043}, DOI = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.025}, url = {://WOS:000364254000010}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Ackermann, Oren and Greenbaum, Noam and Ayalon, Avner and Bar-Matthews, Miryam and Boaretto, Elisabetta and Bruins, Hendrik J. and Cabanes, Dan and Horwitz, Liora Kolska and Neumann, Frank H. and Porat, Naomi and Weiss, Ehud and Maeir, Aren M.}, title = {Using palaeo-environmental proxies to reconstruct natural and anthropogenic controls on sedimentation rates, Tell es-Safi/Gath, eastern Mediterranean}, journal = {Anthropocene}, volume = {8}, pages = {70-82}, abstract = {Mediterranean landscapes have been characterized by the ongoing interaction between natural processes and anthropogenic activities over several thousands of years. However, separating the relative contributions of these two factors in shaping the landscape has proved to be difficult. With reference to three excavated probes located in the environs of the archaeological site of Tell es-Safi/Gath (central Israel), we outline a methodological approach that may aid in distinguishing between the impact of natural and anthropogenic agencies on the accumulation of sediment fills. We conclude that at Tell es-Safi/Gath, natural geomorphic processes were the major factors that shaped the landscape, but anthropogenic activity is expressed in a brief period of time as evidenced by a high sedimentation rate, combined with high δ13C values, a relatively high quantity of phytoliths, and a high concentration of charred particles. This anthropogenic signature is interpreted as resulting from the destruction of the site by Hazael, King of Aram Damascus (ca. late 9th century BCE). This research demonstrates how high-resolution multi-disciplinary sampling of probes for dating, C isotopic composition, phytolith characterization, pollen analysis and assessment of sedimentation rates, in combination with the study of human cultural history at an archaeological site, may facilitate the distinction between natural and anthropogenic causes of sedimentation.}, keywords = {Tell es Safi/Gath C isotopic composition OSL Phytoliths Pollen Eastern Mediterranean}, ISSN = {2213-3054}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2015.03.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305415000090}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Adamiec, Grzegorz}, title = {Radiation Dose Rate}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {32}, pages = {658-660}, abstract = {Radiation dose rate is ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit of time per unit of mass of the absorbing matter. Introduction When radiation travels through matter, it interacts with the matter. As a result of those interactions, the energy of radiation may be absorbed by the matter. Numerous physical processes are responsible for the absorption of radiation energy, depending on the type of radiation. In connection with scientific dating methods, the term dose rate is particularly relevant to trapped charge dating techniques, i.e., luminescence (OSL – optically stimulated luminescence, TL – thermoluminescence) or electron spin resonance (ESR) dating. The determination of absorbed dose and dose rate is the subject of dosimetry which plays a particular role in medicine and the nuclear industry. A comprehensive introduction to dosimetry and associated problems is given by Attix (2004). In SI units the absorbed dose rate is expressed as 1 Gy/s, where 1 Gy (Gray) is 1 J of radiation energy absorbed by 1 kg of the absorbing matter. In older work, the CGS unit of dose rate of 1 rad/s may be encountered, which is equal to 0.01 Gy/s. The absorbed energy concerns this part of the radiation energy which is used to increase the internal energy of matter, i.e., its temperature. Ionizing radiation can be divided into two categories: Directly ionizing radiation – this includes charged particles (electrons, alpha particles, protons, nuclei, muons) – which deposit energy in the matter through which it travels, through Coulomb interactions. Indirectly ionizing radiation – neutral particles (e.g., photons in the form of gamma radiation, neutrons) – which deposits its energy in a two-step process. In the first step, the particles lose some of their kinetic energy in collisions with secondary charged particles (electrons) present in the matter through which the radiation passes, and in the second step, these secondary charged particles lose their energy either through collisions or through radiation emission (e.g., bremsstrahlung – X-rays emitted as a result of deceleration of charged particles).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_32}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_32}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {al Khasawneh, Sahar and Murray, Andrew and Bonatz, Dominik and Freiesleben, Trine}, title = {Testing the application of post IR IRSL dating to Iron- and Viking-age ceramics and heated stones from Denmark}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {386-391}, abstract = {In this study we test, for the first time, the potential of an elevated temperature post-IR IR (pIRIR290) SAR protocol for the dating of young heated artefacts. Seven heated stones and seven potshards were collected from three different archaeological sites in Denmark: one site from the early Pre-Roman Iron Age 200 BC to AD 100, and two from the Viking period between AD 800 and 1200. We first derive quartz OSL ages for these samples, to support the archaeological age control. The luminescence characteristics of the pIRIR290 signal are then investigated; in particular the dose recovery ratios are shown to be close to unity. The performance of the feldspar pIRIR290 protocol is then examined by comparing the pIRIR290 ages with those based on the quartz OSL signal; the average ratio of pIRIR290 to OSL ages is 1.14 ± 0.05 (n = 14) and there is some suggestion that the possible overestimation of the feldspar ages compared to quartz is only of significance for the heated stone samples. Nevertheless, there is no indication of incomplete heating of the stones; the ratios of De derived from the IR50 and pIRIR290 signals are independent of sample type, and consistent with complete resetting by heating. Comparison with the archaeological age control is not able to identify whether quartz or feldspar provides the most reliable dating signal.}, keywords = {Iron age Viking age Ceramic Heated stone Denmark Optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) Post IR IRSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300285}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Alappat, Linto and Frechen, Manfred and Sree Kumar, S. and Suresh Babu, D. S. and Ravur, Rajan and Tsukamoto, Sumiko}, title = {Evidence of Late Holocene shoreline progradation in the coast of Kerala, South India obtained from OSL dating of palaeo-beach ridges}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {245}, pages = {73-86}, abstract = {The luminescence chronology of beach ridges in the central part of Kerala along the west coast of India has been made for the first time in order to reconstruct past sea-level highstands and coastline progradation. Transitional boundaries between shoreface to foreshore and foreshore to dune (aeolian) environments were used as marker horizons for determining the palaeo-shoreline as well as sea-level indicators. The study presents the results of optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sand samples collected from wave- and wind-built horizons derived from quartz using single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol. The OSL ages from most of the sites are consistent with each other, indicating a stage of coastline progradation between 3 and 5 ka and widespread beach ridge formation all along the west coast of Kerala during this period. The OSL ages of transition levels together with the elevation measured using differential global positioning system (DGPS) indicates that the sea level was between 3.5 and 4.5 m above present MSL during the Late Holocene period. It may also imply the emergence of the coast due to neo-tectonic activity as the sea-level curve for the east coast from reported ages indicates a mean elevation between 1.5 and 2.5 m. The ages are discussed in the light of reported events, such as sea-level changes, coastal geomorphology, hydrological variations and neo-tectonics.}, keywords = {Beach ridge Coastal geomorphology Optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) Holocene Sea level Kerala coast}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15002597}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Alexanderson, Helena and Henriksen, Mona}, title = {A short-lived aeolian event during the Early Holocene in southeastern Norway}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {175-180}, abstract = {The Starmoen dune field is part of a larger aeolian system in the Jømna and Glomma river valleys in southeastern Norway. It is believed to have formed just after the last deglaciation in the area, but no absolute ages have been available to support this. Here, we present a set of quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages from the aeolian sediments and the underlying glacifluvial deposits. The results show that the main dune-building phase was a short-lived event ∼10 ka ago, likely with a duration less than a few hundred years. This suggests a rapid stabilisation of an initially unstable environment in newly deglaciated terrain. A much younger event with limited and surficial reworking of sand is dated to 770 ± 110 years ago, and the modern age of an active dune provide additional OSL quality control. Age overestimation is found for glacifluvial sediments, probably due to incomplete bleaching as indicated by e.g. scattered dose distributions from small aliquots. OSL measurements were conducted using coarse quartz grains (180–250 m), which show a dominance of a fast signal component.}, keywords = {OSL Eolian Inland dune Holocene Norway}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000278}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Ames, Christopher J. H. and Cordova, Carlos E.}, title = {Middle and Late Pleistocene Landscape Evolution at the Druze Marsh Site in Northeast Jordan: Implications for Population Continuity and Hominin Dispersal}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {307-329}, abstract = {The Druze Marsh is a spring-fed wetland in northeast Jordan that dried out completely in the late 1980s. This drying and subsequent drop in the water table permitted study of the marsh stratigraphy and a search for prehistoric occupations. In this paper, we combine detailed sedimentological analysis of eight stratigraphic sections in the bed of the former Druze Marsh to reconstruct the landscapes used by hominins since the Middle Pleistocene. The results show that fluctuation in water availability over the past 350 ka had dramatic impacts on the size and depth of the wetlands. Pleistocene occupations in the Druze Marsh correspond to relatively dry climatic conditions when the wetland was reduced in size, suggesting the Druze Marsh acted as a desert refugium for hominins during adverse climatic conditions. Such refugia have important implications for hominin demography, continuity, and/or extinction in the Syro-Arabian Desert. Moreover, the Druze Marsh is positioned at the north end of the Wadi Sirhan depression that connects the Levantine Corridor to the west and Arabian Peninsula to the southeast. Therefore, during wetter climates, paleolakes and river networks around the Druze Marsh may have provided an additional inland route for hominins dispersing between Africa, Eurasia, and the Arabian Peninsula.}, ISSN = {1520-6548}, DOI = {10.1002/gea.21516}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.21516}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Ankjærgaard, C. and Guralnik, B. and Porat, N. and Heimann, A. and Jain, M. and Wallinga, J.}, title = {Violet stimulated luminescence: geo- or thermochronometer?}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {78-84}, abstract = {The method of quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely used, but generally limited to the past ∼0.1 million years (Ma) due to early saturation of the desired signal. Violet stimulated luminescence (VSL) of quartz has previously been shown as a promising alternative, with a dose saturation level ∼20 times higher compared to that of OSL, excellent thermal stability on the 1011 year time scale, and agreement between VSL and OSL ages up to ∼0.3 Ma. Here we explore the usability of the VSL signal to date older quartz samples from palaeosols, whose ages are bracketed by K–Ar ages and palaeomagnetic data of the interbedded basalts, emplaced between 1.6 and 0.7 Ma. VSL ages from three palaeosols largely underestimate the independent ages of their overlying basalts. This can be explained either by a low-temperature thermal anomaly resetting the VSL signal in nature, and/or by an insufficient measurement protocol, unable to correctly translate the natural signal into the equivalent laboratory dose.}, keywords = {Violet stimulated luminescence VSL dating Palaeosol OSL-thermochronometry Hydrothermal fluids Golan plateau}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000128}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Antoine, P. and Moncel, M. H. and Locht, J. L. and Limondin-Lozouet, N. and Auguste, P. and Stoetzel, E. and Dabkowski, J. and Voinchet, P. and Bahain, J. J. and Falgueres, C.}, title = {Dating the earliest human occupation of Western Europe: New evidence from the fluvial terrace system of the Somme basin (Northern France)}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {370}, number = {0}, pages = {77-99}, abstract = {Dating the earliest human occupation of Western Europe and reconstructing its relations with climatic and environmental constrains is becoming a central question, especially with the discovery of Palaeolithic artefacts allocated to the Early Pleistocene in south-east Britain and in Central France. In this context, the Quaternary sequences of the Somme basin, where is located the type-site of the Acheulean, is a key area. Research undertaken for more than 20 years on both fluvial and loess sequences of the Somme basin provide a unique dataset for the study of the relations between human occupations and environmental variations. Studies have been based on an interdisciplinary approach combining sedimentology, palaeontology and geochronology (U-series, ESR and ESR/U-series). Meanwhile, the palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Pleistocene sequences containing Palaeolithic levels has been refined with biological proxies and sedimentological data obtained on both loess and fluvial sequences. Our data have highlighted the impact of the 100 ky cycles on terraces formation since ±1 Ma, and the fluvial terraces system of the Somme basin has become a reference model for the study of the response of fluvial systems to Milankovich cycles in areas characterised by slow continuous uplift. Compilation of the whole results from modern archaeological excavations within this chronoclimatic reference system show that human occupation of this area has been discontinuous and highly influenced by climatic and environmental factors. In the Somme terraces system in situ Acheulean settlements where dated to early MIS 12 at ±450 ka in the 1990s, but new field discoveries allow to increase significantly the age of the oldest human occupation (Early Middle Pleistocene). The first one (Amiens “Rue du Manège” 2007) is dated at ±550 ka using ESR and terrace stratigraphy. The newest findings have been done in 2011–2013 in Abbeville (Carrière Carpentier), where mammal assemblages show that calcareous fluvial deposits have been deposited in an interglacial environment. On the basis of terrace stratigraphy, ESR-quartz dating, and biostratigraphic data, these fluvial deposits are allocated to MIS 15. Handaxes discovered at the base of the slope deposits, directly overlying the fluvial sequence, can be, as a first hypothesis, allocated to MIS 14. They are thus due to Homo heidelbergensis according to the age of the eponymous Mauer site in Germany. Consequently, in the state of knowledge, the “Rue du Manège” and Carrière Carpentier findings represent the oldest in situ evidence of the hominid occupation in the terrace record of Northern France.}, keywords = {Somme River Acheulean Handaxes Fluvial terraces ESR dating Palaeoenvironment}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214005680}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Armitage, S. J.}, title = {Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Ocean Drilling Program core 658B: Complications arising from authigenic uranium uptake and lateral sediment movement}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {270-274}, abstract = {Ocean Drilling Program Site 658 lies under the North African summer dust plume, and ought to be an ideal target for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, since the main clastic input is far-travelled Saharan dust. However, OSL ages for coarse silt-sized quartz (40–63 μm) are systematically lower than independent age estimates when dose rates are calculated using a model which assumes detrital 238U, 232Th and 40K and excess 230Th and 231Pa. Ages which are in good agreement with independent age control are obtained from the coarse silt samples when a correction for authigenic uranium uptake is incorporated into the dose rate model. Authigenic uranium uptake occurs under reducing conditions, which are common at the sediment–water interface, and some degree of authigenic uranium correction may be required for most marine sediments. Using this revised dose rate model, ages produced using fine silt-sized quartz (4–11 μm) are up to 100% older than both independent and coarse silt ages. In addition, the fine silt ages show a consistent pattern of age decrease with depth over 1.5 m of core. 230Th data from Site 658 indicate that this site receives 3 times more sediment laterally than vertically. It is concluded that the fine silt at Site 658 contains a substantial reworked component, making it unsuitable for dating. Conversely the coarse silt fraction, which settles through water at ∼40 times the rate of fine silt, appears to be derived from dust input over the site at the time of deposition. Since prominent nepheloid (cloudy) layers occur in various deep ocean basins, and the material suspended in these layers often consists of reworked fine silt-sized sediments, coarser material should be dated where possible.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence Geochronology Marine sediments North Africa}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000515}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Armitage, Simon J. and Bristow, Charlie S. and Drake, Nick A.}, title = {West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {112}, number = {28}, pages = {8543–8548}, abstract = {From the deglacial period to the mid-Holocene, North Africa was characterized by much wetter conditions than today. The broad timing of this period, termed the African Humid Period, is well known. However, the rapidity of the onset and termination of the African Humid Period are contested, with strong evidence for both abrupt and gradual change. We use optically stimulated luminescence dating of dunes, shorelines, and fluviolacustrine deposits to reconstruct the fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad, which was the largest pluvial lake in Africa. Humid conditions first occur at ∼15 ka, and by 11.5 ka, Lake Mega-Chad had reached a highstand, which persisted until 5.0 ka. Lake levels fell rapidly at ∼5 ka, indicating abrupt aridification across the entire Lake Mega-Chad Basin. This record provides strong terrestrial evidence that the African Humid Period ended abruptly, supporting the hypothesis that the African monsoon responds to insolation forcing in a markedly nonlinear manner. In addition, Lake Mega-Chad exerts strong control on global biogeochemical cycles because the northern (Bodélé) basin is currently the world’s greatest single dust source and possibly an important source of limiting nutrients for both the Amazon Basin and equatorial Atlantic. However, we demonstrate that the final desiccation of the Bodélé Basin occurred around 1 ka. Consequently, the present-day mode and scale of dust production from the Bodélé Basin cannot have occurred before 1 ka, suggesting that its role in fertilizing marine and terrestrial ecosystems is either overstated or geologically recent.}, DOI = {10.1073/pnas.1417655112}, url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/06/23/1417655112.abstract}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Arnold, Lee J. and Demuro, Martina}, title = {Insights into TT-OSL signal stability from single-grain analyses of known-age deposits at Atapuerca, Spain}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {472-478}, abstract = {Single-grain thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) dating has recently been applied to a number of the Atapuerca palaeoanthropological sites. As yet, however, there have not been any direct assessments of TT-OSL signal stabilities for specific grains used for dating. In this study, we undertake a series of TT-OSL suitability assessments on known-age samples from Gran Dolina and Sima del Elefante. Our results suggest that the Atapuerca samples contain populations or sub-populations of grains with suitably stable TT-OSL signals for dating over late-Early and Middle Pleistocene timescales. Equivalent dose (De) distribution analysis in combination with pulse-annealing assessments provides a useful means of identifying inter-grain and inter-sample differences in TT-OSL signal stabilities. We also show that obtaining De values using different preheat conditions may help to identify potentially problematic TT-OSL behaviours. Analyses of multi-grain aliquot TL curves for these samples reveal that 'bulk' TL signal loss experiments may provide limited insights into TT-OSL source trap lifetimes due to averaging effects, the dominance of grain populations that do not produce TT-OSL, and interference from slowly bleaching OSL components. Our results improve the robustness and precision of existing TT-OSL chronologies for units TD6-3 and TE16-TE17 at Gran Dolina and Sima del Elefante, and support the broader suitability of the single-grain TT-OSL approach at the Atapuerca sites.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) Single-grain Atapuerca Early Pleistocene}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000187}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Arnold, Lee J. and Demuro, Martina and Parés, Josep María and Pérez-González, Alfredo and Arsuaga, Juan Luis and Bermúdez de Castro, José María and Carbonell, Eudald}, title = {Evaluating the suitability of extended-range luminescence dating techniques over early and Middle Pleistocene timescales: Published datasets and case studies from Atapuerca, Spain}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {389}, pages = {167-190}, abstract = {The emergence of alternative luminescence dating techniques, such as thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL), post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR-IRSL) and OSL dating of individual quartz ‘supergrains’, has opened up new possibilities for establishing numerical age control on sedimentary deposits that exceed the traditional upper age limits of quartz OSL dating. In this study, we evaluate the reliability of these ‘extended-range’ luminescence dating techniques over Middle and Early Pleistocene timescales using two approaches: (i) a broad-scale synthesis of extended-range luminescence chronologies published so far as part of known-age comparison studies; (ii) a series of new TT-OSL and pIR-IRSL case studies at the palaeoanthropological sites of Galería, Sima del Elefante and Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Spain). The published known-age TT-OSL datasets (n = 82) and supergrain OSL datasets (n = 3) display good correspondence (i.e., suitably linear and proportion relationships) with associated age control. The known-age pIR-IRSL datasets (n = 228) display more inter-sample scatter, though there is general support for the reliability of more stringent pIR-IRSL protocols and multiple-elevated temperature pIR-IRSL approaches over Late and Middle Pleistocene timescales. While these reliability assessments are encouraging, there remains a clear need for more widespread, known-age empirical assessments of extended-range luminescence techniques beyond ∼300–400 ka. The ages obtained at Atapuerca using single-grain TT-OSL and pIR-IRSL measurement temperatures of 225 °C (pIR-IR225) are in agreement with independent age control over an age range spanning ∼240–930 ka. In contrast, the pIR-IRSL chronologies obtained using a more stringent measurement temperature of 290 °C (pIR-IR290) consistently overestimate the expected ages of the Atapuerca sequences. The single-grain TT-OSL ages obtained at Gran Dolina permit calculation of a new weighted mean age of 846 ± 57 ka for the Homo antecessor palaeoanthropological horizon (unit TD6). The known-age Atapuerca case studies highlight the feasibility, and advantages, of applying TT-OSL dating at the single-grain scale of analysis and demonstrate that the suitability of pIR-IRSL dating protocols can vary significantly at a site or regional scale. Together, our analyses show that no single extended-range luminescence dating technique is likely to be universally applicable to all samples. Collectively, however, these approaches offer good potential for obtaining reliable chronologies, and they are likely to offer the greatest benefits when applied in tandem to individual samples.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT-OSL) Post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence Single-grain OSL Atapuerca Geochronology}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214005606}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Athanassas, C. D. and Rollefson, G. O. and Kadereit, A. and Kennedy, D. and Theodorakopoulou, K. and Rowan, Y. M. and Wasse, A.}, title = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and spatial analysis of geometric lines in the Northern Arabian Desert}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {64}, pages = {1-11}, abstract = {In this paper we generate chronological constraints through optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating on extensive prehistoric stone structures that stretch out in the Arabian Desert and appear as geometric lines, known as the “Works of the Old Men”. Two major types of the “Works” that are common throughout the Arabian Desert are the “wheels” and the more intensively investigated “desert kites”. Here, OSL dating was applied to “wheels” in the Wadi Wisad area, in the eastern badia of Jordan. OSL dating generated ages that fall into the Late Neolithic to Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age periods. This chronological spectrum is consistent with the well-documented prehistoric activities at the archaeological site of Wisad Pools, also located in the Wadi Wisad area. Spatial analyses of the “Works” in Wadi Wisad and in the Azraq Oasis revealed that: 1) the wheels are organized in clusters, 2) the spatial distribution of the wheels is predetermined by the kites, 3) the kites were most probably created earlier than the wheels in the study areas and 4) a cluster of wheels nearby the Azraq Oasis tentatively demonstrates ranking and, perhaps, tendency for alignment, although this is not the case for the other wheel-clusters studied. Despite the progress toward understanding the chronological and spatial aspects of the wheels, a great deal of research remains to resolve the actual nature of these enigmatic stone structures.}, keywords = {Stone structures Neolithic Jordan Wheels OSL Quartz Pattern analysis}, ISSN = {0305-4403}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.09.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440315002721}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Aydas, Canan and Engin, Birol and Kapan, Sevinc and Komut, Tolga and Aydin, Talat and Paksu, Ufuk}, title = {Dose estimation, kinetics and dating of fossil marine mollusc shells from northwestern part of Turkey}, journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes}, volume = {105}, pages = {72-79}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to determine the geological formation age of fossil mollusc shells taken from marine terrace deposits (Ikizlerceme-Canakkale) in northwestern part of Turkey. This work reports the first results obtained by the ESR technique on shells collected from this region. In the ESR spectra of the natural and gamma-irradiated shell samples, two different signals attributed to orthorombic (g(xx)=2.0030, g(zz)=2.0015, g(yy)=1.9980) and isotropic (g=2.0006) CO2- ion radicals were overlaped (Signal C). Annealing and kinetic experiments suggest the possibility of using the ESR signal at g=2.0015 (C signal) for the estimation of accumulated geological doses. The ESR signal growth curve on additional gamma irradiation has been best fitted by a combination of two single exponential saturation functions. This may support the existence of at least two components of the g=2.0015 ESR dating signal. Based on this model, the accumulated dose of the samples was determined as 110 +/- 11 Gy. Also the isothermal decay curves of the ESR dating signal could be best described by the combination of two first order decay functions. Activation energy and meanlifetime values at 15 C of the two components were calculated as E-1 = 1.4 +/- 0.1 eV, E-2 = 1.1 +/- 0.1 eV, tau(1) = 7.2 x 10(6) years and tau(2)=33 x 10(3) years, respectively. Uranium content of the studied shells was found to be high according to their chemical analysis. This may point out that the marine shell has received uranium from outside particularly in carbonate sediment. Therefore, the ESR age of the samples was also calculated using Early Uptake (EU), Linear Uptake (LU) and Combined Uptake (CU) models and results were discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0969-8043}, DOI = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.053}, url = {://WOS:000364254000014}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Babek, Ondrej and Briestensky, Milos and Precechtelova, Gabriela and Stepanoikova, Petra and Hellstrom, John C. and Drysdale, Russell Neil}, title = {Pleistocene speleothem fracturing in the foreland of the Western Carpathians: a case study from the seismically active eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif}, journal = {Geological Quarterly}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {491-506}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 2082-5099}, abstract = {We studied speleothem-fracturing styles and their tectonic context in three cave systems situated in the eastern Bohemian Massif, close to the Western Carpathians orogenic front: the Za hajovnou, Javoricko, and Mladec caves. The morphology of the speleothems in particularly thin stalactites, and supporting evidence from the cave interior, indicates a tectonic origin of the breakage. U/Th series dating of the stalactites, supported by Optically Stimulated Luminiscence (OSL) and C-14 dating of soft sediments indicate that most of the fracturing occurred in the Upper Pleistocene, with the last fracturing events corresponding to MIS6 and MISS stages. OSL dating of faulted soft-sediment infill may even indicate that latest Pleistocene to Early Holocene tectonic events occurred in the Mladec Cave. The speleothem fracturing is discussed in the regional context of the seismically active Nysa-Morava Zone situated at the junction between the Bohemian Massif (Elbe Fault Zone) and the Western Carpathians. This study provides the first evidence of palaeoseismicity from the subsurface and the oldest dated palaeoseismicity from the contact between the Western Carpathians and the Bohemian Massif.}, ISSN = {1641-7291}, DOI = {10.7306/gq.1225}, url = {://WOS:000364357300005}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bahain, J. J. and Falguères, C. and Shao, Q. and Tombret, O. and Duval, M. and Dolo, J. M.}, title = {ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth: A useful tool to estimate the reworking state of the archaeological layers?}, journal = {Quaternaire}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {213-223}, note = {Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth is a palaeodosimetric method commonly used for Middle and Late Pleistocene archaeological levels. Beyond the geochronological interest (it is often one of the few methods applicable on sites located in non-volcanic or carbonated areas) and despite the relatively important age uncertainties (usually 10-15 %, because of the high number of parameters - over 25 - considered in the age calculation process), ESR/U-series method can allow, in combination with the available stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental data, the correlation of the studied archaeological levels to a specific marine isotopic (MIS), if the evolution of the dose rate with time since the sample burial is reasonably well described. However, for some sites the results display great age scatter ages that could simply not be explained by local variations of the dose rate for the studied level. It could indicate instead that the palaeontological record is made by several stocks of different ages or dosimetric histories mixed in the same archaeological level.}, keywords = {Dental enamel ESR/U-series dating method Fluvial formations Palaedosimetric reconstruction U-uptake kinetics}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946035561&partnerID=40&md5=b923a881b776bbd558f847256306ced7}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Falguères, Christophe and Laurent, Michel and Dolo, Jean-Michel and Shao, Qingfeng and Auguste, Patrick and Tuffreau, Alain}, title = {ESR/U-series dating of faunal remains from the paleoanthropological site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais, France)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {541-546}, abstract = {Discovered accidently during factory building construction works, the Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (Pas-de-Calais, France) was excavated from 1976 to 1982 by a team of Lille University directed by Alain Tuffreau. An abundant archaeological and paleontological material, including two human skulls, was there recovered from fossil alluvial deposits of the Scarpe River. In order to determine the ages of these remains, the ESR/U-series method was applied on bone and teeth. As the U-series data obtained of the main part of the analyzed tissues do not allow the use of the classical US-ESR model, the recently proposed AU-ESR model, taking into account if necessary U-leaching from some of the tissues, was used to calculate combined ESR/U-series ages for these samples. The obtained ages suggest a MIS7 attribution to the faunal remains and permit an age of ca 240 ka to be assigned for the human remains and associated archaeological material, in accordance with the stratigraphic data and the large mammal associations.}, keywords = {ESR/U-series ESR Bones and teeth Middle Pleistocene Middle Palaeolithic Homo neanderthalensis}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.020}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000333}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Bailiff, Ian}, title = {Luminescence, Pottery and Bricks}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {38}, pages = {481-485}, abstract = {The luminescence dating of ceramic materials, including pottery and bricks, is an experimental technique for determining the time elapsed in years since the ceramic material was produced by firing. Introduction The luminescence techniques for dating ceramic artifacts have been described in detail by Aitken (1985, 1998). Guidelines produced by English Heritage (Duller, 2008) provide a concise overview of applying the method. Although the dating of sedimentary deposits currently forms the main focus of application, the dating of ceramics is discussed in a number of review papers (Feathers, 2003; Preusser et al., 2008; Wintle, 2008; Liritzis et al., 2013) and also by Wagner (1998).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_38}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_38}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Bailiff, I. K. and Gerrard, C. M. and Gutiérrez, A. and Snape-Kennedy, L. M. and Wilkinson, K. N.}, title = {Luminescence dating of irrigation systems: Application to a qanat in Aragón, Spain}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {452-459}, abstract = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques have been applied to investigate the potential for dating the deposition of upcast mounds associated with qanat ventilation shafts at the site of a medieval qanat located in Aragón, Spain. Coarse quartz grains, extracted from sediment samples taken from excavated sections of several mounds, possessed sufficiently strong OSL to enable an evaluation of equivalent dose by applying the single aliquot regenerative procedure to small aliquots, each containing an individual bright grain. The OSL dates for both palaeosol and overlying upcast indicate that a chronostratigraphic record has been preserved within the mounds investigated, and micromorphological analysis of thin sections of sediment blocks taken from the mounds is shown to provide an essential means of verifying the characteristics of the strata, in particular, the critical interface of upcast and the ancient ground surface. The earliest OSL dates for basal deposits taken from two separate sections of the same mound are in agreement, placing the mound construction during the first half of the 13th century A.D. However, in two other mounds the OSL dates for the deposition of upcast are internally consistent with the stratigraphy but significantly later, dating to the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. We interpret the differences between the dates for the upcast deposition to be the result of partial erosion of the upper shaft and later repair of the mounds, and this finding underlines the importance of both examining multiple mounds in the same qanat system and the internal structure of each sampled mound. This exploratory work demonstrates the potential for wider application of OSL for dating this important type of subterranean irrigation feature in the study of both the archaeology of human settlement and palaeoenvironmental change in arid regions.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Irrigation systems Spain}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000291}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Balescu, Sanda and Huot, Sébastien and Mejri, Hajer and Barré, Magali and Forget Brisson, Laurence and Lamothe, Michel and Oueslati, Ameur}, title = {Luminescence dating of Middle Pleistocene (MIS 7) marine shoreline deposits along the eastern coast of Tunisia: A comparison of K-feldspar and Na-feldspar IRSL ages}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {288-293}, abstract = {In the present study, we applied the IRSL50°C dating method to both K- and Na-feldspar coarse grains from interglacial coastal deposits in north-eastern Tunisia. We used the yellow IRSL50°C signal of Na-feldspars and the blue IRSL50°C signal of K-feldspars. The key-sites for this study are at El Hajeb (Sahel area) and Dar Oufa (Cap Bon Peninsula). These deposits belong to the “Douira Unit” which has previously been assigned to marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 on the basis of amino acid ratios and chronostratigraphic evidence. In order to assess the reliability of the IRSL50°C ages of the “Douira Unit”, we extended the IRSL dating technique to K- and Na-feldspars from two MIS 5 samples, with independent age control, collected within shallow-marine sands in the Sahel area and on the Jerba island (southern Tunisia). Two protocols of age correction for the observed fading in K- and Na-feldspars have been applied: (1) the Huntley and Lamothe (2001) fading correction and (2) the dose rate correction developed by Lamothe et al. (2003). The fading corrected IRSL ages of the “Douira Unit” and both MIS 5 control samples, measured on K- and Na-feldspars, are in good agreement with their expected ages.}, keywords = {IRSL dating K-feldspar Na-feldspar Middle Pleistocene Sea-level highstand Paleoshoreline Tunisia}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.019}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300339}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bartz, Melanie and Klasen, Nicole and Zander, Anja and Brill, Dominik and Rixhon, Gilles and Seeliger, Martin and Eiwanger, Josef and Weniger, Gerd-Christian and Mikdad, Abdeslam and Brückner, Helmut}, title = {Luminescence dating of ephemeral stream deposits around the Palaeolithic site of Ifri n'Ammar (Morocco)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {460-465}, abstract = {The prehistoric site of Ifri n'Ammar is situated in northeastern Morocco, in the northern prolongation of the Middle Atlas Mountains. It is a key location in unravelling the history of anatomically modern humans (AMH) in northern Africa as it reveals Middle and Late Palaeolithic occupation phases since ∼170 ka. Whilst the archaeological sequence within the rock shelter has been well studied, the timing of landscape dynamics around Ifri n'Ammar is still poorly understood. This study therefore aims to establish a detailed chronology of the Wadi Selloum profile at the apron of the shelter, based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of ephemeral stream deposits. Coarse-grain quartz was used for single-grain and multiple-grain dating procedures to investigate the luminescence properties of these deposits and to get more accurate age information concerning the phases of human occupation. Continuous wave OSL (CW-OSL) revealed a dominant fast component for all quartz samples. The dose distribution of the uppermost samples showed overdispersion values >25% and significant positive skewness. We identified partial bleaching as the main source of scatter in the equivalent dose (De) distribution. The lowermost sample appeared to be close to signal saturation. The shapes of the dose response curve varied widely between aliquots and coarse quartz grains exhibited therefore very different dose saturation behaviours among aliquots. With fully saturated dose response curves (DRCs), meaningful D0 values were assumed for De estimation. The eight OSL samples yielded stratigraphically consistent ages ranging from 1.3 ± 0.2 ka to 76 ± 5 ka, thus reaching the Middle Palaeolithic period. Moreover, a pottery shard dated to 7.4 ± 0.6 ka (Early Neolithic period) by thermoluminescence (TL), perfectly matched the Holocene OSL samples extracted at the same depth of the profile. In summary, our results point to fluvial aggradation during OIS 5.1, the late glacial period, and the Holocene.}, keywords = {OSL TL Wadi Morocco Dose saturation level}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000254}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bateman, M. D. and Stein, S. and Ashurst, R. A. and Selby, K.}, title = {Instant luminescence chronologies? High resolution luminescence profiles using a portable luminescence reader}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {141-146}, abstract = {Establishing a robust chronology is fundamental to most palaeoenvironmental studies. However, the number and positioning of dated points is critical. Using a portable luminescence reader, it is possible to rapidly generate high resolution down core relative age profiles. Profiles of portable luminescence data from two coastal dunes were evaluated and compared with the results of particle size analysis, stratigraphy, and an independent historical chronology. Results show that, even in young samples, portable luminescence data is dominated by an age related signal which in homogeneous sediment need not be corrected for moisture, feldspar content changes or grain size. Profiles therefore provide relative chronologies from which accumulation phases can be established, and from which better targeted sampling and comparison to other sites could be undertaken. Even though they do not provide instant absolute chronologies, field-based portable luminescence profiling of Late Quaternary sites hold much potential to improve the resultant chronologies.}, keywords = {Dunes Particle size Portable OSL Norfolk Storms}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.12.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101414001174}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bezerra, I. S. A. A. and Nogueira, A. C. R. and Guimarães, J. T. F. and Truckenbrodt, W.}, title = {Late pleistocene sea-level changes recorded in tidal and fluvial deposits from Itaubal Formation, onshore portion of the Foz do Amazonas Basin, Brazil}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Geology}, volume = {45}, pages = {63-78}, note = {Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {The Pleistocene deposits exposed in the Amapá Coastal Plain (onshore portion of the Foz do Amazonas Basin, northeastern South America) were previously interpreted as Miocene in age. In this work, they were named as "Itaubal Formation" and were included in the quaternary coastal history of Amazonia. The study, through facies and stratigraphic analyses in combination with optically stimulated luminescence (single and multiple aliquot regeneration), allowed interpreting this unit as Late Pleistocene tidal and fluvial deposits. The Itaubal Formation, which unconformably overlies strongly weathered basement rocks of the Guianas Shield, was subdivided into two progradational units, separated by an unconformity related to sea-level fall, here named as Lower and Upper Units. The Lower Unit yielded ages between 120,600 (± 12,000) and 70,850 (± 6,700) years BP and consists of subtidal flat, tide-influenced meandering stream and floodplain deposits, during highstand conditions. The Upper Unit spans between 69,150 (± 7,200) and 58,150 (± 6,800) years BP and is characterized by braided fluvial deposits incised in the Lower Unit, related to base-level fall; lowstand conditions remained until 23,500 (± 3,000) years BP. The studied region was likely exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum and then during Holocene, covered by tidal deposits influenced by the Amazon River.}, keywords = {Amazonia Coastal deposits Itaubal formation Pleistocene Sea-level changes}, DOI = {10.1590/2317-4889201530124}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940367208&partnerID=40&md5=2b51a9edeb1f52a50e54e0c1d0270785}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bickel, Lukas and Lüthgens, Christopher and Lomax, Johanna and Fiebig, Markus}, title = {The timing of the penultimate glaciation in the northern Alpine Foreland: new insights from luminescence dating}, journal = {Proceedings of the Geologists' Association}, volume = {126}, number = {4–5}, pages = {536-550}, abstract = {Only minimal age constraints are as yet available concerning the timing of the penultimate glaciation in the European Alps. Therefore, this study presents the results of different luminescence dating approaches, revealing the depositional ages of glaciofluvial sediments deposited in the Austrian Northern Alpine Foreland during the penultimate glaciation. To establish a robust numerical chronology we investigated 18 samples of mostly glaciofluvial origin using the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal of quartz and the post-infrared infrared (pIRIR) stimulated luminescence signal at 225 °C of potassium rich feldspar for the grain size of 100–200 μm. By comparing the results gained from both analytical approaches, it was possible to discern between samples that were well bleached prior to deposition and samples for which the luminescence signals were not properly reset. The ages presented in this study suggest that the deposition of proglacial outwash deposits in the northern Alpine foreland associated with the penultimate glaciation is time equivalent with marine isotope stage (MIS) 6. Furthermore, our results imply relatively rapid ice decay in late MIS 6 towards termination 2, which is consistent with previous studies dealing with the penultimate glaciation in the circum-alpine region. Although the dating results allow to chronologically discern between glacial and interglacial periods, a finer resolution on a stadial/interstadial level cannot unfortunately be obtained by the current state-of-the-art methods of luminescence dating as applied in this study.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Penultimate glaciation Northern Alpine Foreland Glaciofluvial deposits Terrace stratigraphy}, ISSN = {0016-7878}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.08.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787815000905}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Billy, Julie and Robin, Nicolas and Hein, Christopher J. and Certain, Raphaël and FitzGerald, Duncan M.}, title = {Insight into the late Holocene sea-level changes in the NW Atlantic from a paraglacial beach-ridge plain south of Newfoundland}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {248}, pages = {134-146}, abstract = {Constructional sedimentary features can provide insight into past changes in relative sea-level (RSL) in regions where traditional bio-stratigraphic markers are absent. The paraglacial beach-ridge plain at Miquelon-Langlade, located 50 km south of Newfoundland, is an example of a well-preserved regressive barrier. Initiation of this plain correlates with a decrease in the rate of RSL rise (from + 4.4 mm/yr to ~ 1.3 mm/yr) at around 3000 years ago. It developed under conditions of normal regression during a period of slow RSL rise (< 1.3 mm/yr). The barrier is composed of two oppositely prograding mixed sand-and-gravel beach-ridge systems, which evolved contemporaneously along two open coasts. The growth of these features reflects high rates of sediment influx that was sourced from the erosion of proximal glacigenic sediment (moraines) and reworked alongshore and across-shore by wave action. The combination of stratigraphic (ground-penetrating radar and sediment cores), topographic (RTK-GPS) and chronologic (optically stimulated luminescence, OSL) data provide a detailed understanding of the constructional history of the plain. The well-defined contact between coarse-grained, wave-built facies and overlying aeolian deposits is used to demonstrate the dominant influences of RSL change in the development of the barrier system and produce a RSL curve over the period of its formation. A net increase of 2.4 m in the surface elevation of wave-built facies is observed across the plain, corresponding to the increase in mean sea-level during its formation. Coupled with OSL dates, trends in elevation of the wave-built facies across the plain are used to reconstruct the relative sea-level history during this period. Acknowledging the uncertainties inherent in the method applied in this study, three distinct periods of sea-level rise can be distinguished: (1) an increase from 2.4 to 1 m below modern MSL between 2400 and 1500 years (average rate of + 1.3 mm/yr); (2) relatively stable or slowly rising RSL (<+ 0.2 mm/yr) from 1400 to 700 years; and (3) a rise of ca. 0.7 m during the past 700 years (+ 1.1 mm/yr). This study not only produces the first RSL reconstruction for the Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon archipelago but also provides: (i) additional details of RSL changes in a region exhibiting great spatial variations in RSL histories (Newfoundland); (ii) field confirmation that wave-built/aeolian stratigraphic contacts in beach ridges can provide a powerful tool for sea-level reconstructions in mixed clastic systems; and (iii) evidence that sediment influxes can outpace the rate of accommodation creation producing a broad, progradational coastal system.}, keywords = {Regressive barrier Sea-level rise Sea-level indicators Post-glacial deposits Beach ridges Sediment supply}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.033}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15300982}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bisht, Pinkey and Ali, S. Nawaz and Shukla, Anil D. and Negi, Sunil and Sundriyal, Y. P. and Yadava, M. G. and Juyal, Navin}, title = {Chronology of late Quaternary glaciation and landform evolution in the upper Dhauliganga valley, (Trans Himalaya), Uttarakhand, India}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {129}, pages = {147-162}, abstract = {Detailed field mapping of glacial and paraglacial landforms supported by optical and radiocarbon dating is used to reconstruct the history of late Quaternary glaciation and landform evolution in the Trans Himalayan region of the upper Dhauliganga valley. The study identifies four events of glaciations with decreasing magnitude which are termed as Purvi Kamet Stage -Ia (PKS-Ia), PKS-Ib, PKS-II, PKS-III and PKS-IV respectively. The oldest PKS-Ia and Ib are assigned the Marine Isotopic Stgae-3 (MIS-3), the PKS-II to the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS-2), PKS-III dated to 7.9 ± 0.7 ka, and the PKS-IV is dated to 3.4 ± 0.3 ka and 1.9 ± 0.2 ka respectively. The largest valley glaciations viz. the (PKS-Ia) occurred during the strengthened summer monsoon corresponding to the MIS-3, following this, the recessional moraines (PKS-Ib) represent the gradual decline in summer monsoon towards the later part of MIS-3. The valley responded to the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which is represented by the PKS-II moraine implying the influence of strengthened mid-latitude westerlies during the LGM. The post-LGM deglaciation was associated with the onset of summer monsoon and is represented by the deposition of four distinct outwash gravel terraces. The early Holocene PKS-III glaciation occurred around 7.9 ± 0.7 ka and broadly coincides with the early Holocene cooling event (8.2 ka). This was followed by the deposition of stratified scree deposits and the alluvial fan (between 5.5 ka and 3 ka) during the mid to late Holocene aridity. This was followed by marginal re-advancement of the valley glacier (viz. PKS-IV) during the late Holocene cool and moist climate. Although glaciers respond to a combination of temperature and precipitation changes, however during the Holocene it seems that temperature played a major role in driving the glaciation.}, keywords = {Trans Himalayan Dhauliganga valley Outwash terraces Mid-latitude westerlies Summer monsoon}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115301414}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Biswas, R. H. and Toyoda, S. and Takada, M. and Shitaoka, Y.}, title = {Multiple approaches to date Japanese marker tephras using optical and ESR methods}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {350-356}, abstract = {The present study aimed to test reliability of luminescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods to date tephra. We investigated on three Japanese marker tephras, Ikeda-ko (6.4 ka), Aira-Tn (30 ka) and Aira-Iwato (45–50 ka). A systematic studies were performed using different minerals (quartz and feldspar), different grain fractions (75–250 and 250–500 μm), different luminescence and ESR signals, like optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz, infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) of feldspar, including recently developed least faded post infrared IRSL (pIR-IRSL), and ESR signals from paramagnetic centers Al and Ti–Li of quartz. Ages obtained using pIR-IRSL signal of plagioclase with preheat of 320 °C, 60 s and stimulation at 300 °C are consistent with the reference ages. High dose detection range (up to ∼600 Gy) and accurate age estimation enable pIR-IRSL of feldspar a promising methodology to date quaternary tephra. ESR ages from quartz are grossly correlated with the reference ages but large deviation and large associated errors are observed, possibly due to either low signal to noise ratio or heterogenous dose response of different aliquot in multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD) approach.}, keywords = {Tephra Plagioclase pIR-IRSL ESR of quartz ESR sensitivity}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000059}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Blegen, Nick and Tryon, Christian A. and Faith, J. Tyler and Peppe, Daniel J. and Beverly, Emily J. and Li, Bo and Jacobs, Zenobia}, title = {Distal tephras of the eastern Lake Victoria basin, equatorial East Africa: correlations, chronology and a context for early modern humans}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {122}, number = {0}, pages = {89-111}, abstract = {The tephrostratigraphic framework for Pliocene and Early Pleistocene paleoanthropological sites in East Africa has been well established through nearly 50 years of research, but a similarly comprehensive framework is lacking for the Middle and particularly the Late Pleistocene. We provide the first detailed regional record of Late Pleistocene tephra deposits associated with artifacts or fossils from the Lake Victoria basin of western Kenya. Correlations of Late Pleistocene distal tephra deposits from the Wasiriya beds on Rusinga Island, the Waware beds on Mfangano Island and deposits near Karungu, mainland Kenya, are based on field stratigraphy coupled with 916 electron microprobe analyses of eleven major and minor element oxides from 50 samples. At least eight distinct distal tephra deposits are distinguished, four of which are found at multiple localities spanning >60 km over an approximately north to south transect. New optically stimulated luminescence dates help to constrain the Late Pleistocene depositional ages of these deposits. Our correlation and characterization of volcaniclastic deposits expand and refine the current stratigraphy of the eastern Lake Victoria basin. This provides the basis for relating fossil- and artifact-bearing sediments and a framework for ongoing geological, archaeological and paleontological studies of Late Pleistocene East Africa, a crucial time period for human evolution and dispersal within and out of Africa.}, keywords = {Tephrostratigraphy East Africa Middle Stone Age Human evolution}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.024}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115001845}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Bluszcz, Andrzej and Adamiec, Grzegorz and Heer, Aleksandra J.}, title = {Estimation of equivalent dose and its uncertainty in the OSL SAR protocol when count numbers do not follow a Poisson distribution}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {46-54}, abstract = {The current work focuses on the estimation of equivalent dose and its uncertainty using the single aliquot regenerative protocol in optically stimulated luminescence measurements. The authors show that the count numbers recorded with the use of photomultiplier tubes are well described by negative binomial distributions, different ones for background counts and photon induced counts. This fact is then exploited in pseudo-random count number generation and simulations of De determination assuming a saturating exponential growth. A least squares fitting procedure is applied using different types of weights to determine whether the obtained De's and their error estimates are unbiased and accurate. A weighting procedure is suggested that leads to almost unbiased De estimates. It is also shown that the assumption of Poisson distribution in De estimation may lead to severe underestimation of the De error.}, keywords = {Equivalent dose distribution SAR protocol PMT count numbers Poisson distribution Negative binomial distribution}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000050}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Boixadera, Jaume and Poch, Rosa M. and Lowick, Sally E. and Balasch, J. Carles}, title = {Loess and soils in the eastern Ebro Basin}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {376}, pages = {114-133}, abstract = {Wind-blown sandy and silty deposits were formed during the late Quaternary in the NE Iberian Peninsula. They are the most significant in the West Mediterranean region, together with those described in the Tagus River basin (Iberian South Subplateau), forming small scattered patches across parts of the SE Ebro Depression and SW Catalan Mediterranean Range. Two major depositional environments are distinguished. The first (largest) outcrop covers the lower Ebro reaches on the SE border of the Ebro Depression, the Prelitoral Coastal Range and the Móra d'Ebre Basin. A second outcrop, to the north, consists of a few patches scattered over a wide amphitheatre surrounding the western tributaries of the Segre River, from the wind-exposed Segrià platforms to the Almenara Range in its northernmost part. They consist of highly sorted fine sands and silts, 1–12 m thick (though most typically 3–4 m thick), and coarser than typical loess. They are highly uniform, lack any sedimentary structures and are pale ochre. The deposits are calcareous (30–45% CaCO3), basic to alkaline and with some soluble salts. Five selected sequences of primary loess (namely Mas de l'Alerany, Tivissa, Guiamets, Batea and Almenara) were studied to ascertain deposit characteristics and soil development. All sections show a consistent vertical granulometric variability that may be attributed to wind intensity changes, and hinders the recognition of spatial particle size distribution. Pedogenesis is mostly related to calcium carbonate redistribution, which accumulates as nodules, large rhizocretions or biogenic calcite. Secondary gypsum (Batea and Almenara sequences) is probably related to primary gypsum blown from the source areas that was redistributed by leaching and precipitation at the bottom of the profiles. In a few places (Mas de l'Alerany outcrop) a fersialitic, rubefacted-recalcified soil indicates the presence of an older generation of loess. While the dominant WNW winds and particle coarseness suggest that the loess originates from nearby alluvial fans and fluvial plains, the presence of gypsum and Mg anomalies may be evidence of more distant sources of the Central Ebro Depression and Ondara-Corb alluvial fans. Optical Stimulated Luminiscence (OSL) ages for the more recent deposits (Guiamets, Batea, Almenara) are between 18 and 34 ka, while the old Mas de l'Alerany sequence is more than 115 ka. These ages indicate loess deposition during the last cold phases of the Quaternary and with pedogenesis occuring during warm interglacial periods.}, keywords = {Loess Ebro Valley Last Glacial Maximum Pedogenic gypsum Pedogenic carbonates}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.046}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214005151}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Brill, D. and Jankaew, K. and Brückner, H.}, title = {Holocene evolution of Phra Thong's beach-ridge plain (Thailand) — Chronology, processes and driving factors}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {245}, pages = {117-134}, abstract = {Beach-ridge plains are a common morphological element of coastal areas all over the world. While morphological depressions of beach-ridge plains (swales) may function as archives for deposits of extreme wave events, the ridges are not only used as an indicator for coastal evolution but also to reconstruct the processes that are responsible for their formation. In this study, the morphological, sedimentary and chronological structure of the beach-ridge plain on Phra Thong Island was used as an archive for the temporally and spatially complex pattern of shoreline changes during the Holocene. The presence of three spatio-temporal ridge-plain units separated by episodes of shoreline erosion and characterised by varying directions and rates of shoreline progradation, reveals six distinct phases of island evolution within the last 6000 years. Unit I was deposited during phase 1 (5500–4000 years ago) with high progradation rates of 2.1–2.5 m/year. Subsequent to a short episode of erosion during phase 2 (4000–3800 years ago), fast shoreline progradation at a rate of 2.7 m/year (unit IIa) occurred once again in phase 3 (3800–3300 years ago). After 3300 years ago, the sedimentation rate decreased to less than 1 m/year, resulting in the formation of unit IIb during phase 4 (3300–1500 years ago). In phase 5, between 1500 and 800 years ago, ridge-plain formation was once more interrupted by significant shoreline erosion. Finally, over most of the last 800 years, during phase 6, slow shoreline progradation led to the formation of unit III. This evolution is best explained by the interaction of long-term sea-level change, wave climate, episodic events (tsunamis and storms) and local sediment supply. However, the linkage of successive ridge and swale formation, changing progradation rates and switch-over between phases of erosion and deposition with its trigger mechanisms remains speculative, since (i) the processes involved vary locally and are poorly understood for Phra Thong Island, and (ii) even our comparably large dataset cannot reconstruct the complex spatial and temporal pattern of shoreline evolution without significant uncertainties. This implies that interpretations of ridge plains based on small datasets might be too generalised to capture the real complexity of the system and, as a consequence, might lead to incorrect conclusions about palaeoenvironmental conditions.}, keywords = {Coastal evolution Beach ridge Beach-ridge plain Luminescence dating Sedimentology Palaeogeography Thailand}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.035}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15300179}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Brooke, Brendan P. and Pietsch, Timothy J. and Olley, Jon M. and Sloss, Craig R. and Cox, Malcolm E.}, title = {A preliminary OSL chronology for coastal dunes on Moreton island, Queensland, Australia - Marginal deposits of A large-scale quaternary shelf sediment system}, journal = {Continental Shelf Research}, volume = {105}, pages = {79-94}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1873-6955}, abstract = {Moreton Island and several other large siliceous sand dune islands and mainland barrier deposits in SE Queensland represent the distal, onshore component of an extensive Quaternary continental shelf sediment system. This sediment has been transported up to 1000 km along the coast and shelf of SE Australia over multiple glacioeustatic sea-level cycles. Stratigraphic relationships and a preliminary Optically Stimulated Luminance (OSL) chronology for Moreton Island indicate a middle Pleistocene age for the large majority of the deposit. Dune units exposed in the centre of the island and on the east coast have OSL ages that indicate deposition occurred between approximately 540 ka and 350 ka BP, and at around 96 +/- 10 ka BP. Much of the southern half of the island has a veneer of much younger sediment, with OSL ages of 0.90 +/- 0.11 ka, 1.28 +/- 0.16 ka, 5.75 +/- 0.53 ka and < 0.451 ka BP. The younger deposits were partially derived from the reworking of the upper leached zone of the much older dunes. A large parabolic dune at the northern end of the island, OSL age of 9.90 +/- 1.0 ka BP, and palaeosol exposures that extend below present sea level suggest the Pleistocene dunes were sourced from shorelines positioned several to tens of metres lower than, and up to few kilometres seaward of the present shoreline. Given the lower gradient of the inner shelf a few km seaward of the island, it seems likely that periods of intermediate sea level (e.g. similar to 20 m below present) produced strongly positive onshore sediment budgets and the mobilisation of dunes inland to form much of what now comprises Moreton Island. The new OSL ages and comprehensive OSL chronology for the Cooloola deposit, 100 km north of Moreton Island, indicate that the bulk of the coastal dune deposits in SE Queensland were emplaced between approximately 540 ka BP and prior to the Last Interglacial. This chronostratigraphic information improves our fundamental understanding of long-term sediment transport and accumulation on large-scale continental shelf sediment systems. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0278-4343}, DOI = {10.1016/j.csr.2015.06.002}, url = {://WOS:000358393700007}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Burow, C. and Kehl, M. and Hilgers, A. and Weniger, G. C. and Angelucci, D. E. and Villaverde, V. and Zapata, J. and Zilhão, J.}, title = {Luminescence Dating of Fluvial Deposits in the Rock Shelter of Cueva Antón, Spain}, journal = {Geochronometria}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {107-125}, note = {Export Date: 21 August 2015}, abstract = {The fluvial sediments at Cueva Antón, a Middle Palaeolithic rock shelter located in the valley of the River Mula (Southeast Spain), produced abundant lithic assemblages of Mousterian affinities. Radiocarbon dates are available for the upper part of the archaeological succession, while for the middle to lower parts chronometric data have been missing. Here we present luminescence dating results for these parts of the succession. Quartz OSL on small aliquots and single grain measurements yield ages ranging from 69 ± 7 ka to 82 ± 8 ka with a weighted mean of 72 ± 4 ka for sub-complexes AS2 to AS5. Equivalent dose estimates from large aliquots were highest and inconsistent with those from single grains and small multiple grain aliquots. This is probably caused by the presence of over-saturating grains, which have been quantified by single grain measurements. Additional post-IR IRSL measurements on coarse grained feldspar give strong support to a well-bleached quartz OSL signal. While independent chronometric control is missing, the results are within the expected age range and support the notion of a rapid accumulation of the fluvial deposits. © 2015 C. Burow et al.}, keywords = {Cueva Antón fluvial sediment Luminescence dating Middle Palaeolithic post-IR IRSL single grain dating}, DOI = {10.1515/geochr-2015-0010}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84937833507&partnerID=40&md5=3241f7f73dcca42fea594ce7cec83432}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Yeo, Eun-Young and Thiel, Christine and Yi, Shuangwen and Stevens, Thomas and Thompson, Warren and Frechen, Manfred and Murray, Andrew and Lu, Huayu}, title = {A detailed post-IR IRSL chronology for the last interglacial soil at the Jingbian loess site (northern China)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {194-199}, abstract = {The chronology of dust deposition and climate during the last interglacial is poorly known on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Here, 51 samples were taken from the ∼5 m S1 palaeosol (MIS5) at the desert marginal Jingbian site to develop what is currently the most detailed S1 chronology on the Plateau using instrumental dating techniques. We use the post-IR IRSL signal from sand-sized grains of K-rich feldspar. Signal resetting in the agricultural layer shows that it is possible to almost completely zero this signal in nature. First IR stimulation plateau measurements show that there is no clear dependence of De on first IR stimulation temperature between 50 and 260 °C suggesting negligible signal fading. Resultant ages are consistent with a last interglacial age (∼130 to ∼75 ka) and are also consistent within errors with continuous linear sedimentation rates. The average mass accumulation rate for S1 is ∼150 g m−2 a−1, considerably higher than at many other sites but within the overall range of Loess Plateau estimates. The remarkably stable sediment accumulation at the site contrasts with a more complex record of environmental and monsoonal change recorded in grain-size and magnetic susceptibility.}, keywords = {Chinese loess Last interglacial soil (S1) High sampling density Post-IR IRSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.022}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000357}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Cai, S. and Chen, W. and Tauxe, L. and Deng, C. and Qin, H. and Pan, Y. and Yi, L. and Zhu, R.}, title = {New constraints on the variation of the geomagnetic field during the late Neolithic period: Archaeointensity results from Sichuan, southwestern China}, journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, pages = {2056-2069}, note = {Export Date: 5 June 2015}, abstract = {We have carried out an archaeomagnetic study on a late Neolithic locality (Liujiazhai) in Sichuan, southwestern China. We pull together various dating techniques, including radiocarbon analysis, optically stimulated luminescence dating, stratigraphic information as well as archaeological and archaeomagnetic estimations, to constrain the age of the studied samples. Rock magnetic results indicate thermally stable fine-grained magnetite or titanomagnetite as the dominant magnetic carriers. More than half of the specimens (141/246) in the paleointensity experiment pass the selection criteria and are considered to record robust intensity values. The virtual axial dipole moments range from approximately (2.8 to 7.8) × 1022Am2 with an average of 5.9 × 1022Am2, indicating that the geomagnetic intensity around 3000 before the Common Era (B.C.E.) is overall lower than the present field intensity (9.8 × 1022Am2) of this area. The new results from Liujiazhai are generally consistent with the published data of similar age but deviate from the only available model of CALS10k.1b at certain time periods, making them important for future improvements of the model. Those data are significant for constraining the variation of geomagnetic field intensity between ∼3100 and 2600 B.C.E. and improving the regional model of eastern Asia. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.}, keywords = {archaeointensity late Neolithic period southwestern China}, DOI = {10.1002/2014JB011618}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929335219&partnerID=40&md5=31fd931743800c291391d77a25b81088}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Campbell, G. E. and Walker, R. T. and Abdrakhmatov, K. and Jackson, J. and Elliott, J. R. and Mackenzie, D. and Middleton, T. and Schwenninger, J. L.}, title = {Great earthquakes in low strain rate continental interiors: An example from SE Kazakhstan}, journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth}, volume = {120}, number = {8}, pages = {2015JB011925}, abstract = {The Lepsy fault of the northern Tien Shan, SE Kazakhstan, extends E-W 120 km from the high mountains of the Dzhungarian Ala-tau, a subrange of the northern Tien Shan, into the low-lying Kazakh platform. It is an example of an active structure that connects a more rapidly deforming mountain region with an apparently stable continental region and follows a known Palaeozoic structure. Field-based and satellite observations reveal an ∼10 m vertical offset exceptionally preserved along the entire length of the fault. Geomorphic analysis and age control from radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating methods indicate that the scarp formed in the Holocene and was generated by at least two substantial earthquakes. The most recent event, dated to sometime after ∼400 years B.P., is likely to have ruptured the entire ∼120 km fault length in a Mw 7.5–8.2 earthquake. The Lepsy fault kinematics were characterized using digital elevation models and high-resolution satellite imagery, which indicate that the predominant sense of motion is reverse right lateral with a fault strike, dip, and slip vector azimuth of ∼110°, 50°S, and 317–343°, respectively, which is consistent with predominant N-S shortening related to the India-Eurasia collision. In light of these observations, and because the activity of the Lepsy fault would have been hard to ascertain if it had not ruptured in the recent past, we note that the absence of known active faults within low-relief and low strain rate continental interiors does not always imply an absence of seismic hazard.}, keywords = {low strain rate faulting continental interior faulting neotectonics tectonic geomorphology late Quaternary dating remote sensing 7221 Paleoseismology 8002 Continental neotectonics 8036 Paleoseismology 8108 Continental tectonics: compressional 8111 Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform}, ISSN = {2169-9356}, DOI = {10.1002/2015JB011925}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB011925}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Carnicelli, Stefano and Benvenuti, Marco and Andreucci, Stefano and Ciampalini, Rossano}, title = {Late Pleistocene relic Ultisols and Alfisols in an alluvial fan complex in coastal Tuscany}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {376}, pages = {163-172}, abstract = {Detailed stratigraphic, sedimentary facies and palaeosol analyses were performed on an outcrop on Late Quaternary deposits in the coastal area of Tuscany. The outcrop was selected as representative of one of the major Quaternary alluvial fan complexes of Central Italy, the ancient Cecina river fan, and as showing contrasting, if related, palaeosols. The oldest relic palaeosol was identified as an Ultisol, representative of the most developed soil type normally found as relic soil in Italy, and about whose possible ages only approximate interpretations presently exist. OSL dating set the whole succession of sediments, palaeosols and geomorphic surfaces into a firm chronological setting. As a result, evolution of the Cecina fan complex in Late Pleistocene could be fully reconstructed. Assessment of the age of the relic Ultisol produced results contrasting with current interpretations, showing how such a soil type can have developed in Italian conditions in a relatively short time, i.e. since about MIS 5d.}, keywords = {Relic Palaeosols Ultisol Alfisol Alluvial fan Facies Tuscany}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214007514}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chaudhary, Shipra}, title = {Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Dating of Sediments from Himalaya}, journal = {Journal of the Indian Institute of Science}, volume = {95}, number = {2}, pages = {135-145}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating gives the age of most recent daylight exposure or heating of samples to >400 degrees C or the formation events of authigenic minerals. These correspond to the age of sedimentation and burial, ages of thermal events like contact heating by lava flows and heating during faulting and sand dyke formation, and the formation of a mineral via chemical precipitation. With the first observation of OSL in 1985, this method now occupies centre stage in Quaternary Geochronology. The use of OSL method for sediments from Himalaya began over three decades ago. The method has since provided chronology for a variety of events, such as past glaciation events, formation ages of river terraces, paleo-lacustrine deposits, landslides, floods, seismic events with substantive new insights into timing and style of geological processes. Theoretically, the dating range of method is present to a Million years, and this critically depends on two factors, viz, luminescence properties of mineral and their radiation environments. The general working range using quartz is 200ka, and using feldspars is up to Brunhes Matuyam Boundary. Extensions beyond this limit are currently being explored.}, ISSN = {0970-4140}, url = {://WOS:000359886400005}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chauhan, N.}, title = {Luminescence dating: Basic approach to geochronology}, journal = {Defect and Diffusion Forum}, volume = {347}, pages = {111-137}, note = {Export Date: 13 February 2014 Source: Scopus}, abstract = {Nowadays, luminescence dating technique has become one of the unique tools for paleoclimatic studies. A lot of progress has been made in terms of understanding the phenomenon of luminescence, development of methodology for luminescence dating and its application. Still there are several directions which require better understanding and refinement. This brief review article focuses on the different aspects of luminescence dating, covering basic theory behind luminescence and luminescence dating, procedural aspects, complications and issues of luminescence dating and future perspective. Copyright © 2014 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Age Models Dose Analysis Dose Rate Estimation Luminescence Luminescence Dating}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84891804787&partnerID=40&md5=7a45d428a339ba3c3bbf90f4b9d9f788}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chauhan, Naveen and Choi, Jeong-Heon and Kim, JuYong and Lee, Gikil}, title = {Application of newly developed NCF-SAR protocol to Quaternary sediments from Suncheon and Jeongok, South Korea}, journal = {Geosciences Journal}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {407-413}, abstract = {Present study is an attempt to test the applicability of recently developed natural sensitivity corrected single aliquot regeneration (NCF-SAR) protocol for samples from archaeological sites of South Korea. The protocol monitors the sensitivity change during measurement of natural OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) signal and provides a methodology to correct for it. The natural OSL signals in the quartz samples from Suncheon (fluvial) and Jeongok (aeolian) sites were either in dose saturation region or lying well above the luminescence dose response curve, suggesting the possibility of sensitivity changes during natural OSL signal measurements. These samples thus provide opportunity to test the NCF-SAR protocol. The results suggest that, for the samples examined in this study, there are significant sensitivity changes during the natural OSL signal measurements. The ratio of TL (Thermoluminescence) peaks before and after natural OSL measurement was used to correct for the sensitivity changes. The dose distribution obtained using NCF had less scatter. However, in some cases, even the NCF correction could not resolve the issue of natural signal lying above saturation dose, indicating some other unidentified factors are also responsible for this oversaturation of quartz OSL signal. Key words luminescence dating sensitivity changes dose Saturation NCF-SAR }, keywords = {luminescence dating sensitivity changes dose Saturation NCF-SAR}, ISSN = {1226-4806}, DOI = {10.1007/s12303-014-0062-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-014-0062-2}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chen, R. and Pagonis, V.}, title = {Study of the stability of the TL and OSL signals}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {192-197}, abstract = {In the study of thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and in particular in the applications of archaeological and geological dating as well as dosimetry, the issue of stability of the signal at ambient temperature following excitation is of paramount importance. In many cases, one determines the activation energy (E) and frequency factor (s) of a TL peak, and tries to evaluate the lifetime of the excited signal. This is meaningful if the process is of pure first order, and may not be so in non-first-order situations. In the present work, we study this matter for both first-order and the more general one-trap-one-recombination-center (OTOR) cases using numerical simulations. The conventional numerical solution of the relevant set of coupled differential equations may not work when the traps are deep and the length of time is, say, thousands of years or more, and we therefore resort to a Monte-Carlo approach. It is obvious that in instances of dominating recombination, the long-time decay is exponential, and the decay constant is as expected from the first-order behavior and the E and s values. However, in cases of substantial retrapping, the fading is slower, sometimes very significantly, and is not exponential. Thus, one may deduce from the evaluated E and s shorter decay times than occur in fact. This may lead to an apparent effect of unexpected stability, namely, that a signal is stable much longer than expected from the evaluated trapping parameters. Possible implications concerning applications in archaeological and geological dating are obvious.}, keywords = {Thermoluminescence Optically stimulated luminescence OTOR model Stability}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000074}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chen, Yiwei and Li, Sheng-Hua and Li, Bo and Hao, Qinzhen and Sun, Jimin}, title = {Maximum age limitation in luminescence dating of Chinese loess using the multiple-aliquot MET-pIRIR signals from K-feldspar}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {207-212}, abstract = {Numerical dating of loess is important for Quaternary studies. Recent progress in post-infrared infrared-stimulated luminescence (pIRIR) signals from potassium-rich feldspar has allowed successful dating of Chinese loess beyond the conventional dating limit based on quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals. In this study we tested the multiple-aliquot regenerative-dose (MAR) pre-dose multiple-elevated-temperature post-IR IRSL (pMET-pIRIR) procedure on samples from the palaeosol S5 (∼480 ka) and S8 (∼780 ka) layers from the Luochuan and Jingbian sections, respectively. The results show that (1) compared to sensitivity-corrected signal (Lx/Tx), a higher saturation dose is observed for the sensitivity-uncorrected MET-pIRIR signals (Lx), suggesting that MAR is advantageous for dating old samples; (2) negligible fading component can be achieved using the pMET-pIRIR procedure; (3) for the sample from the top of palaeosol S5, De values (1360 + 226/-167 Gy) broadly consistent with expected De (1550 ± 72 Gy) can be obtained using the sensitivity-uncorrected 300 °C MET-pIRIR signal. Our study suggests that a De value of about 1800 Gy may be the maximum dating limit of Chinese loess using the MAR pMET-pIRIR procedure.}, keywords = {Anomalous fading Infrared stimulated luminescence MAR pMET-pIRIR Chinese loess}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000035}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chithambo, M. L.}, title = {Luminescence lifetimes in natural quartz annealed beyond its second phase inversion temperature}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {198-204}, abstract = {The influence of annealing, irradiation dose, preheating and measurement temperature on luminescence lifetimes has been studied in quartz annealed at 1000 °C. The measurements were supplemented by studies on quartz annealed at 900 and 800 °C. Lifetimes increase with dose as well as with temperature and duration of annealing between 800 and 1000 °C. Preheating produces the same effect. The changes are accounted for in terms of hole-transfer from the non-radiative luminescence centre to and between radiative centres. The influence of measurement temperature on lifetimes depends on whether the stimulation is carried out from ambient to 200 °C or otherwise. This result is unlike that in quartz annealed at or below 500 °C where lifetimes are independent of the direction of heating. In particular, lifetimes decrease monotonically when measurements are made from 20 to 200 °C but not when recorded from 200 to 20 °C. The latter produces a pattern resembling that in quartz annealed up to 500 °C. The results are concluded as evidence of thermal effects on separate luminescence centres. In support of this, different values of the activation energy for thermal quenching were found for each supposed luminescence centre. The change of the corresponding luminescence intensity with temperature is also qualitatively consistent with this notion.}, keywords = {Time-resolved stimulation Luminescence lifetimes Quartz}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.03.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000736}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {ChongYi, E. and Lai, ZhongPing and Hou, GuangLiang and Cao, GuangChao and Sun, YongJuan and Wang, YiXuan and Jiang, YingYing}, title = {Age determination for a Neolithic site in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using a combined luminescence and radiocarbon dating}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {411-415}, abstract = {The archaeological Shaliuheqiaodong site, located at the junction between the estuary of Shaliu River and the northeast bedrock terrace of Qinghai Lake, is one of the earliest Neolithic Age sites in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which is critical for understanding patterns of prehistoric human inhabitation in the high plateau extreme environments. There are only two published radiocarbon ages by far for chronological control. Recently, a new section (Gangcha section) was found, with abundant charcoals and fish bones well-preserved in the matrix of aeolian sediments, providing a good opportunity for a combined study of luminescence and radiocarbon dating. In the current study, we obtained three luminescence ages on aeolian sediment, six radiocarbon ages (three on charcoals and three on fish bones). Our results showed that the luminescence ages (average of 3.2 ± 0.2 ka) are in agreement with charcoal radiocarbon ages (3165–3273 cal a BP) where applicable, and that the lake reservoir effect age of radiocarbon dating was approximately 0.3–0.7 cal ka BP and an average of 0.4 cal ka BP at ∼3.2 cal ka BP (age difference between that of charcoals and fish bones). The prehistoric residence in Qinghai Lake area seemed to be sequenced from 15 ka BP to 3.1 ka BP, based on our data and previously published data altogether. The obvious baked vestiges on the bones of fish and animals, as well as a number of artifacts, indicate that naked carps had become a food resource for prehistoric people at least since 3.2 cal ka BP.}, keywords = {Qinghai Lake area in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Neolithic Shaliuheqiaodong archaeological site Luminescence and radiocarbon dating Charcoals and fishbones Reservoir effect age of 14C dating}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000084}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chruścińska, Alicja}, title = {Estimating the parameters of traps in quartz by the variable energy of stimulation optically stimulated luminescence (VES-OSL) method}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {205-211}, abstract = {Optical-cross section that is a trap parameter estimated from the measurements of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is not a uniquely determined physical quantity. It depends not only on temperature and the energy of stimulation light but also, in the simplest case, on the optical depth of trap, the frequency of vibration mode and on the Huang-Rhys factor, i.e. the average number of phonons involved in the process of optical excitation of electrons from trap to conduction band. Conventional OSL measurement techniques do not enable to determine directly these parameters but they could be estimated by applying the variable energy of stimulation optically stimulated luminescence (VES-OSL) method. Recently it was put in to practice and the first VES-OSL curves were presented. In this study the outcomes of VES-OSL experiments are presented together with the first attempt of direct estimating the optical depth of traps active in OSL process in quartz.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence Variable energy stimulation Quartz}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000049}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Chung, K. S. and Park, C. Y. and Lee, J. I. and Kim, J. L.}, title = {An algorithm for the integrated deconvolution of radioluminescence and thermally/optically stimulated luminescence glow curves}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {79}, number = {0}, pages = {7-12}, abstract = {Radioluminecscence (RL), the light emitted from a material immediately upon ionizing radiation, has been used to detect the dose rate. On the other hand, thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) by the stimulation with the heat and light after irradiation have been used to find out the cumulated radiation dose. Because it was considered as effective to handle these three phenomena in integration to estimate the energy band structure of the material precisely, an algorithm for calculating the glow rapidly and consistently was developed in this study when three types of stimulations including irradiation are applied concurrently or sequentially. The deconvolution using this algorithm can decide the properties contained in the material more precisely because the glows from different stimulations are related frequently to the different aspects of the properties. The computer program to realize the deconvolution by means of these schemes was also developed and it was applied to the glow curves of RL and OSL from Al2O3:C to evaluate the efficiency of the developed algorithm.}, keywords = {Radioluminescence (RL) Thermoluminescence (TL) Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) Glow curve deconvolution}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.05.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300275}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Clemmensen, Lars B. and Glad, Aslaug C. and Hansen, Kristian W. T. and Murray, Andrew S.}, title = {Episodes of aeolian sand movement on a large spit system (Skagen Odde, Denmark) and North Atlantic storminess during the Little Ice Age}, journal = {Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark}, volume = {63}, pages = {17–28}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {Late Holocene coastal dune successions in north-western Europe contain evidence of episodic aeolian sand movement in the recent past. If previous periods of increased sand movement can be dated sufficiently precisely and placed in a correct cultural and geomorphological context, they may add to our understanding of storminess variation and climate change in the North Atlantic during the later part of the Holocene. In this study, coastal cliff sections of Holocene dune sand were investigated in the north-western part of the Skagen Odde spit system in northern Denmark. Four units of aeolian sand were recognized. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating indicates that aeolian sand movement took place in four phases: around AD 1460, between AD 1730 and 1780, around AD 1870, and since about AD 1935. The first phase of sand movement occurred during cooling in the first part of the Little Ice Age. A change in the atmospheric circulation, so that both the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) were negative, apparently led to an increased number of intense cyclones causing inland sand movement and dune building. The second and third phase of aeolian sand movement during the Little Ice Age also took place in periods of increased storminess, but during these events it appears that negative NAO values were coupled with positive AMO values. The final phase of sand movement is intimately linked to the modern formation of frontal dunes which takes place during moderate storminess. These findings are important as they indicate three major periods of aeolian sand movement and storminess during the Little Ice Age.}, ISSN = {2245-7070}, url = {://WOS:000354790200001}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Colarossi, D. and Duller, G. A. T. and Roberts, H. M. and Tooth, S. and Lyons, R.}, title = {Comparison of paired quartz OSL and feldspar post-IR IRSL dose distributions in poorly bleached fluvial sediments from South Africa}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {233-238}, abstract = {A comparative study using quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and feldspar post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) was undertaken on Quaternary fluvial sediments from an unnamed tributary of the Moopetsi River in South Africa. The aim is to assess whether the post-IR IRSL signal can be used to date incompletely bleached sediments. Several post-IR IRSL signals using varying stimulation and preheat temperatures were investigated; of these the post-IR IRSL225 signal was deemed most appropriate for dating because it bleached most rapidly. The feldspar post-IR IRSL225 equivalent dose (De) values from this site are consistently larger than those from quartz OSL, probably due to differences in the bleaching characteristics of the two signals. Additionally, the post-IR IRSL225 De values within a sample showed less variation in precision than the quartz De data, possibly due to greater averaging between grains in the feldspar small aliquots. The agreement between ages based on the OSL and post-IR IRSL225 signals was better for younger samples (<20 ka) than for older ones (>50 ka); the cause of this variation is unclear.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence Post-IR infrared stimulated luminescence Incomplete bleaching Fluvial sediments}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.015}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187110141500028X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Combès, Benoit and Philippe, Anne and Lanos, Philippe and Mercier, Norbert and Tribolo, Chantal and Guerin, Guillaume and Guibert, Pierre and Lahaye, Christelle}, title = {A Bayesian central equivalent dose model for optically stimulated luminescence dating}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {28}, number = {0}, pages = {62-70}, abstract = {In this study, we propose and implement a Bayesian model to estimate a central equivalent dose from a set of luminescence measurements. This model is based on assumptions similar to the ones used in the standard statistical pipeline (typically implemented in the Analyst software followed by a subsequent central equivalent dose analysis) but tackles some of its main limitations. More specifically, it consists of a three-stage hierarchical model that has two main advantages over the standard approach: first, it avoids the introduction of auxiliary variables (typically mean and variance), at each step of the inference process, which are likely to fail to characterise the distributions of interest; second, it ensures a homogeneous and consistent inference with respect to the overall model and data. As a Bayesian model, our model requires the specification of prior distributions; we discuss such informative and non-informative distributions and check the relevance of our choices on synthetic data. Then, we use data derived from Single Aliquot and Regenerative (SAR) dose measurements performed on single grains from laboratory-bleached and dosed samples. The results show that our Bayesian approach offers a promising alternative to the standard one. Finally, we conclude by stressing that, relying on a Bayesian hierarchical model, our approach could be modified to incorporate additional information (e.g. stratigraphic constraints) that is difficult to formalise properly with the existing approaches.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence Chronometric dating Bayesian analysis}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300029}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Constantin, Daniela and Jain, Mayank and Murray, Andrew S. and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Timar-Gabor, Alida}, title = {Quartz luminescence response to a mixed alpha-beta field: Investigations on Romanian loess}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {110-115}, abstract = {Previous SAR-OSL dating studies using quartz extracted from Romanian and Serbian loess samples report SAR-OSL dose–response curves on fine grained (4–11 μm) quartz that grow to much higher doses compared to those of coarse-grained (63–90, 90–125, 125–180 μm) quartz. Furthermore, quartz SAR-OSL laboratory dose response curves do not reflect the growth of the OSL signal in nature. A main difference in coarse- and fine-grained quartz dating lies in the alpha irradiation history, but the effect of mixed alpha-beta fields has so far received little attention. In the present study we investigate whether the alpha dose experienced by fine grains over geological cycles of irradiation and bleaching may have an effect on the saturation characteristics of the laboratory dose response. By applying time resolved optically stimulated luminescence we confirm that the OSL signals induced in quartz by alpha and beta radiation follow the same recombination path. We also show that a mixed alpha-beta dose response reproduces the beta dose response only up to about 800 Gy. Assuming an a-value of 0.04 we have shown that laboratory alpha and beta dose response curves overlap up to effective alpha doses of ∼50 Gy. Based on these results, we conclude that exposure of fine grains to alpha radiation during burial and transport cycles prior to deposition, as well exposure to the mixed radiation field experienced during burial are not responsible for the age discrepancies previously reported on fine and coarse grained quartz extracted from Romanian and Serbian loess.}, keywords = {Alpha radiation Beta radiation Quartz OSL}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000025}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Cremaschi, Mauro and Zerboni, Andrea and Nicosia, Cristiano and Negrino, Fabio and Rodnight, Helena and Spötl, Christoph}, title = {Age, soil-forming processes, and archaeology of the loess deposits at the Apennine margin of the Po plain (northern Italy): New insights from the Ghiardo area}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {376}, pages = {173-188}, abstract = {The significance of two loess profiles located in the Ghiardo area (Reggio Emilia, northern Italy) along the southern margin of the Po Plain is discussed on the basis of sedimentary and pedological data, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, and archaeological context. Loess sedimentation occurred during cold and arid glacial and stadial periods of the Upper Pleistocene, between c. 70 and 35 ka. In the same time interval, loess sedimentation occurred at other localities at the northern margin of the Po Plain (Po Plain Loess Basin). The early period of loess sedimentation was contemporary with an intense frequentation of the area by Palaeolithic hunters, whose remains, consisting of clusters of flint artefacts, are found at the base of the loess sequences. Thermoluminescence dates on burned flints are consistent with OSL measurements on sediments where lithics were found and therefore the archaeological finds may be attributed to the Middle Palaeolithic lithic complexes of the Mousterian culture. Subsequent soil-forming processes on the loess deposits during the Holocene are suggested by changes in the proprieties of the profiles (clay illuviation, hydromorphic and vertic features, mukkara/gilgai microrelief). Degradation processes of the topsoil, leading to the formation of an eluvial top horizon, were eventually triggered by deforestation, which took place in the area since the Chalcolithic period (middle Holocene).}, keywords = {Loess Pedogenesis OSL dating MIS4–MIS3 Mousterian culture Northern Italy}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.044}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214005138}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Cunningham, Alastair C. and Evans, Mary and Knight, Jasper}, title = {Quantifying bleaching for zero-age fluvial sediment: A Bayesian approach}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {55-61}, abstract = {Luminescence dating of sediment requires the sand grains to have been exposed to sunlight prior to their most recent burial. Under fluvial transport, the amount of sunlight exposure may not always be sufficient to reset the luminescence signal, a phenomenon known as ‘partial bleaching'. The extent of bleaching is dependent on a combination of geomorphic, sedimentological and fluvial processes. If bleaching can be quantified, and the relationship with these processes understood, it could potentially be used as a new environmental proxy for changes in the dynamics of river systems. Here, we use a recently developed statistical model to evaluate the extent of bleaching, by inferring the proportion of well-bleached grains in the small-aliquot population. We sampled low-flow and flood deposits at a single site on the River Sabie, South Africa. We show that the low-flow sediment is almost perfectly bleached (>80% of grains well bleached), while sediment at flood elevations is partially bleached (20–70 % of grains well bleached). The degree of bleaching may show a relationship with flood magnitude as defined by elevation above normal river level, and we speculate on the causes of variability in bleaching between flood samples.}, keywords = {OSL dating Luminescence Bleaching Fluvial Age model}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300081}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {DeJong, B. D and Bierman, P and Newell, W. L and Rittenour, T. M and Mahan, S. A and Balco, G. and Hood, D. R}, title = {Pleistocene relative sea levels in the Chesapeake Bay region and their implications for the next century}, journal = {GSA Today}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {4-10}, abstract = {Today, relative sea-level rise (3.4 mm/yr) is faster in the Chesapeake Bay region than any other location on the Atlantic coast of North America, and twice the global average eustatic rate (1.7 mm/yr). Dated interglacial deposits suggest that relative sea levels in the Chesapeake Bay region deviate from global trends over a range of timescales. Glacio-isostatic adjustment of the land surface from loading and unloading of continental ice is likely responsible for these deviations, but our understanding of the scale and timeframe over which isostatic response operates in this region remains incomplete because dated sea-level proxies are mostly limited to the Holocene and to deposits 80 ka or older. To better understand glacio-isostatic control over past and present relative sea level, we applied a suite of dating methods to the stratigraphy of the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, one of the most rapidly subsiding and lowest-elevation surfaces bordering Chesapeake Bay. Data indicate that the region was submerged at least for portions of marine isotope stage (MIS) 3 (ca. 60–30 ka), although multiple proxies suggest that global sea level was 40–80 m lower than present. Today MIS 3 deposits are above sea level because they were raised by the Last Glacial Maximum forebulge, but decay of that same forebulge is causing ongoing subsidence. These results suggest that glacio-isostasy controlled relative sea level in the mid-Atlantic region for tens of thousands of years following retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and continues to influence relative sea level in the region. Thus, isostatically driven subsidence of the Chesapeake Bay region will continue for millennia, exacerbating the effects of global sea-level rise and impacting the region’s large population centers and valuable coastal natural resources.}, url = {dx.doi.org/10.1130/GSATG223A.1}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Demuro, M. and Arnold, L. J. and Parés, J. M. and Sala, R.}, title = {Extended-range luminescence chronologies suggest potentially complex bone accumulation histories at the Early-to-Middle Pleistocene palaeontological site of Huéscar-1 (Guadix-Baza basin, Spain)}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {389}, pages = {191-212}, abstract = {The palaeontological site of Huéscar-1 contains a diverse faunal assemblage and has played an important role in establishing local-scale biozone successions in the Guadix-Baza basin. Here, we provide the first ages for the fossil-bearing deposits at this site using a suite of extended-range luminescence dating approaches, including optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz ‘supergrains’, multi-grain and single-grain thermally transferred OSL of quartz and post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence of K-feldspars. Assessments of luminescence characteristics and laboratory quality assurance tests indicate that the Huéscar-1 sediments are well-suited for extended-range dating applications, and the resultant chronologies obtained using different luminescence approaches display a high degree of consistency. Our combined luminescence ages reveal that the fossil-bearing fluvial sediments at this marginal lacustrine site were deposited ∼420–460 ka or possibly ∼420–570 ka, which is younger than some of the tentative late Early to early Middle Pleistocene ages inferred from faunal associations. Comparison of the dating results with taphonomic, taxonomic and geomorphic evidence suggests that the site may preserve an admixture of bones in primary depositional context and reworked fossils sourced from potentially older deposits in the surrounding valley. As such, the luminescence ages obtained for the host sediments may not be contemporaneous with all of the faunal remains preserved at Huéscar-1.}, keywords = {Huéscar-1 Luminescence dating TT-OSL pIR-IR Supergrain OSL Guadix-Baza basin Early/Middle Pleistocene palaeontology}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.035}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214005977}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {DeWitt, Regina}, title = {Luminescence, Martian Sediments}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {82}, pages = {478-481}, abstract = {Martian regolith Introduction Mars is the most Earthlike planet of the solar system and the planet most likely to have hosted life. The Martian surface exhibits abundant evidence of having undergone a complex geologic and climatic evolution. Aeolian, fluvial, periglacial, and volcanic processes appear to have remained active through to the present day, and evidence even points to active global climate change (Carr, 2006). Luminescence dating has been suggested as one method to provide a chronology for Martian surface regolith, and efforts are underway to develop a robotic instrument for an in situ mission. Differences between terrestrial and Martian environments influence the dating methodology and the instrumentation required.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_82}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_82}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {DeWitt, Regina}, title = {Radiation and Radioactivity}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {81}, pages = {660-666}, abstract = {Radiation: The term radiation includes the whole electromagnetic spectrum as well as all atomic and subatomic particles. Ionizing radiation refers to the ability of certain types of radiation to ionize the medium they traverse. Only ionizing radiation will be considered here. Radioactivity: The spontaneous emission of particles or electromagnetic rays from unstable atomic nuclei. Introduction In 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen experimented with a Crooke’s tube, an evacuated glass enclosure in which current can be passed through a high vacuum from one electrode to another. He noticed that a small screen placed at some distance started fluorescing when the tube was on. Röntgen named the unknown radiation X-rays. He observed that they could penetrate paper and wood, but would be absorbed by aluminum and tin foil. Encouraged by Röntgen’s observations, Henri Becquerel experimented with uranium minerals which he placed on photographic plates. He found that the plates showed signs of exposure even in the absence of light and eventually named the uranium emissions α- and β-rays. In 1897 Marie and Pierre Curie made similar observations in experiments with other elements and suggested the term “radioactivity” to describe the phenomenon. Many further discoveries have led to an increased understanding of the atomic and nuclear structure and the processes leading to the emission of ionizing radiation. Today radiation and radioactivity have found application in fields as varied as medicine, energy production, and dating.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_81}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_81}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Dillehay, Tom D. and Ocampo, Carlos and Saavedra, José and Sawakuchi, Andre Oliveira and Vega, Rodrigo M. and Pino, Mario and Collins, Michael B. and Scott Cummings, Linda and Arregui, Iván and Villagran, Ximena S. and Hartmann, Gelvam A. and Mella, Mauricio and González, Andrea and Dix, George}, title = {New Archaeological Evidence for an Early Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {11}, pages = {e0141923}, abstract = {

Questions surrounding the chronology, place, and character of the initial human colonization of the Americas are a long-standing focus of debate. Interdisciplinary debate continues over the timing of entry, the rapidity and direction of dispersion, the variety of human responses to diverse habitats, the criteria for evaluating the validity of early sites, and the differences and similarities between colonization in North and South America. Despite recent advances in our understanding of these issues, archaeology still faces challenges in defining interdisciplinary research problems, assessing the reliability of the data, and applying new interpretative models. As the debates and challenges continue, new studies take place and previous research reexamined. Here we discuss recent exploratory excavation at and interdisciplinary data from the Monte Verde area in Chile to further our understanding of the first peopling of the Americas. New evidence of stone artifacts, faunal remains, and burned areas suggests discrete horizons of ephemeral human activity in a sandur plain setting radiocarbon and luminescence dated between at least ~18,500 and 14,500 cal BP. Based on multiple lines of evidence, including sedimentary proxies and artifact analysis, we present the probable anthropogenic origins and wider implications of this evidence. In a non-glacial cold climate environment of the south-central Andes, which is challenging for human occupation and for the preservation of hunter-gatherer sites, these horizons provide insight into an earlier context of late Pleistocene human behavior in northern Patagonia.

}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0141923}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141923}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Dimitrijević, Vesna and Mrdjić, Nemanja and Korać, Miomir and Chu, Seimi and Kostić, Dejan and Jovičić, Mladen and Blackwell, Bonnie A. B.}, title = {The latest steppe mammoths (Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig)) and associated fauna on the Late Middle Pleistocene steppe at Nosak, Kostolac Basin, Northeastern Serbia}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {379}, pages = {14-27}, abstract = {In 2012, bones and tusks of mammoths and remains of other large mammals scattered in a line 130 m long have been discovered in the loess deposits at the Nosak mound in the Kostolac Basin (Northeastern Serbia). Preliminary analyses indicate that remains come from Mammuthus trogontherii, Equus ferus mosbachensis and Cervidae indet. Steppe mammoth remains originate from at least four individuals, three adults, and one juvenile. They include the largest steppe mammoth tusks ever reported. The mammalian remains were mostly found disarticulated, except for few articulated skeleton elements. Individual bones and teeth were encased within thick carbonate concretions. From their composition, morphology, and manner of formation, these carbonate concretions resemble the characteristic “loess dolls” that form in loess. Bones were exposed to subaerial weathering for some time before burial. Some damage on the bones indicates biogenic agents of their fragmentation and dispersal. Animals were probably attracted to the spot by a water source in the vicinity, such as a spring or intermittent stream. The bones and teeth accumulated at a single level within the loess likely deposited in MIS 6, just above the upper of two paleosols formed during MIS 7. A sample from a mammoth molar plate has been ESR dated at 192 ± 5 ka, correlating with the very early MIS 6, near the MIS 6/7 boundary. This makes the Nosak mammoth the most recent occurrence of steppe mammoths in Europe, and the sole find dated to MIS 6.}, keywords = {Late Middle Pleistocene Mammuthus trogontherii Loess Nosak Kostolac Serbia}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.025}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215006254}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Dogan, Tamer and Cetin, Hasan and Yegingil, Zehra and Topaksu, Mustafa and Yüksel, Mehmet and Duygun, Fırat and Nur, Necmettin and Yegingil, İlhami}, title = {Optically stimulated luminescence dating of Holocene alluvial fans, East Anatolian Fault System, Turkey}, journal = {Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids}, volume = {170}, number = {7-8}, pages = {630-644}, abstract = {In this study, the optically stimulated luminescence dating technique was used to determine the time of deposition of alluvial sediment samples from the Türko?lu-Antakya segment of the East Anatolian Fault System (EAFS) in Turkey. The double-single aliquot regenerative dose protocol on fine grain samples was used to estimate equivalent doses (De). Annual dose rate was computed using elemental concentration of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) determined by using thick-source alpha counting and potassium (K) concentrations using X-ray fluorescence and/or atomic absorption spectroscopy. The environmental dose was measured in situ using α-Al2O3:C chips inside plastic tubes for a year. The two different bulk sediment samples collected from the Islahiye trench yielded ages of 4.54?±?0.28 and 2.91?±?0.23?ka. We also obtained a 2.60?±?0.18?ka age for the alluvial deposit in the K?ranyurdu trench and 2.31?±?0.14?ka age for an excavation area called Malzeme Oca??. These ages were consistent with the corresponding calibrated Carbon-14 (14C) ages of the region. The differences between the determined ages were insufficient to clearly distinguish the disturbance event from the effects of bioturbation, biological mixing, or other sources of De variation in the region. They provide a record of alluvial aggradation in the region and may determine undocumented historical earthquake events.}, ISSN = {1042-0150}, DOI = {10.1080/10420150.2015.1077333}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420150.2015.1077333}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Dong, Yajie and Wu, Naiqin and Li, Fengjiang and Huang, Linpei and Wen, Wenwen}, title = {Time-Transgressive Nature of the Magnetic Susceptibility Record across the Chinese Loess Plateau at the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {e0133541}, abstract = {

The loess stratigraphic boundary at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition defined by the magnetic susceptibility (MS) has previously been assumed to be synchronous with the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2/1 boundary, and approximately time-synchronous at different sections across the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). However, although this assumption has been used as a basis for proxy-age model of Chinese loess deposits, it has rarely been tested by using absolute dating methods. In this study, we applied a single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol to the 45–63 μm quartz grain-size fraction to derive luminescence ages for the last glacial and Holocene sections of three loess sections on a transect from southeast to northwest across the CLP. Based on the 33 closely spaced optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) samples from the three sections, OSL chronologies were established using a polynomial curve fit at each section. Based on the OSL chronology, the timing of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, as defined by rapid changes in MS values, is dated at ~10.5 ka, 8.5 ka and 7.5 ka in the Yaoxian section, Jingchuan and Huanxian sections respectively. These results are clearly inconsistent with the MIS 2/1 boundary age of 12.05 ka, and therefore we conclude that the automatic correlation of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, as inferred from the MS record, with the MIS 2/1 boundary is incorrect. The results clearly demonstrate that the marked changes in MS along the southeast to northwest transect are time-transgressive among the different sites, with the timing of significant paleosol development as indicated by the MS record being delayed by 3–4 ka in the northwest compared to the southeast. Our results suggest that this asynchronous paleosol development during the last deglacial was caused by the delayed arrival of the summer monsoon in the northwest CLP compared to the southeast.

}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0133541}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0133541}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @misc{ author = {Dragovich, J. D. and Mahan, S. A. and Anderson, M. L. and MacDonald, J. H., Jr and Schilter, J. F. and Frattali, C. L. and Koger, C. J. and Smith, D. T. and Stoker, B. A. and DuFrane, Andrew and Eddy, M. P. and Cakir, Recep and Sauer, K. B.}, title = {Geologic map of the Lake Roesiger 7.5-minute quadrangle, Snohomish County, Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Map Series 2015-01, 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000, 47 p. text}, url = {www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_ms2015-01_geol_map_lake_roesiger_24k.zip}, year = {2015}, type = {Map} } @inbook{ author = {Duller, Geoffrey A. T.}, title = {Luminescence, Glacial Sediments}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {25}, pages = {475-478}, abstract = { Glacial. Of, or pertaining to, ice masses of sufficient magnitude that they are able to deform under their own mass. Glacial sediments. Detrital lithic materials deposited as a result either of direct glacial movement, such as a diamict, or an indirect consequence of glacial processes, such as fluvioglacial sediments. Luminescence dating. The use of the luminescence signal emitted from a mineral for dating. For geological sediments, the event being dated is the last exposure to daylight, and this normally corresponds with deposition of the sediment. Introduction Luminescence dating of sediments associated with former glacial activity has been undertaken for over 40 years. Some of the earliest work undertaken on the application of luminescence to dating geological sediments was carried out in the former Soviet Union and included analysis of sediments resulting from a variety of different glacial processes. This work was not widely known outside the Soviet Union (see “Luminescence Dating, History”), and in later reviews (e.g., Dreimanis et al., 1978; Wintle and Huntley, 1982), it was criticized for some important errors. A major challenge that has been common to all luminescence studies of glacially derived sediments is assessing whether they were exposed to sufficient light at deposition to reset the signal used for dating. Early work used thermoluminescence (TL) signals, and a great deal of effort was expended trying to assess what proportion of the TL signal remained at deposition so that ages could be calculated. Optically stimulated luminescence signals (OSL) tend to be reset by exposure to daylight more rapidly than TL, and when these methods became available, they were rapidly adopted for analysis of glacial sediments. There are many different types of glacially derived sediments, and the likelihood of exposure to daylight prior to deposition varies considerably. It is clear that selection of depositional facies where exposure to daylight at deposition is most likely is important. The most suitable environments are probably those involving fluvioglacial or fluviolacustrine processes, though in both cases shallow water facies are much preferable to deepwater ones. For some glacial sediments, OSL methods can be applied in a relatively straightforward manner, while in environments where the exposure to daylight is more limited, complex methods involving measurement of single grains are required in order to be able to identify the small proportion of grains within the sample that did receive sufficient daylight exposure to reset their signal and hence give an accurate age. Recent reviews of the application of OSL methods to glacially related sediments are provided by Fuchs and Owen (2008) and Thrasher et al. (2009).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_25}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_25}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Duller, G. A. T. and Kook, M. and Stirling, R. J. and Roberts, H. M. and Murray, A. S.}, title = {Spatially-resolved thermoluminescence from snail opercula using an EMCCD}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {157-162}, abstract = {In recent years opercula of the snail species Bithynia tentaculata have been shown to emit thermoluminescence (TL) signals that can be used to determine equivalent dose, and may be capable of dating events throughout the entire Quaternary period. Concentric growth lines are a notable feature of almost all B. tentaculata opercula, but it is not known whether the luminescence emitted by the opercula is influenced by these structures. This study uses a newly developed EMCCD imaging system to measure the TL signals from opercula. A combination of microscopic analysis of the opercula using visible imagery, and measurement of the TL using the EMCCD system has been undertaken. Variations in TL intensity and equivalent dose (De) are seen, but the two are not correlated. Changes in TL intensity broadly mimic the concentric growth structures, but the largest variations in intensity are between different margins of the opercula, not individual growth bands. The EMCCD system makes it possible to produce a two dimensional map of the De measured from an operculum. Dose recovery experiments give De values that are consistent with each other across the whole opercula. Measurement of the De arising from irradiation in nature shows significant variability across a single operculum, but at present the reason for this variability is unknown.}, keywords = {Calcite TL Dating Bithynia tentaculata Imaging}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000153}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Duller, Geoff A. T. and Tooth, Stephen and Barham, Lawrence and Tsukamoto, Sumiko}, title = {New investigations at Kalambo Falls, Zambia: Luminescence chronology, site formation, and archaeological significance}, journal = {Journal of Human Evolution}, volume = {85}, pages = {111-125}, abstract = {Fluvial deposits can provide excellent archives of early hominin activity but may be complex to interpret, especially without extensive geochronology. The Stone Age site of Kalambo Falls, northern Zambia, has yielded a rich artefact record from dominantly fluvial deposits, but its significance has been restricted by uncertainties over site formation processes and a limited chronology. Our new investigations in the centre of the Kalambo Basin have used luminescence to provide a chronology and have provided key insights into the geomorphological and sedimentological processes involved in site formation. Excavations reveal a complex assemblage of channel and floodplain deposits. Single grain quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements provide the most accurate age estimates for the youngest sediments, but in older deposits the OSL signal from some grains is saturated. A different luminescence signal from quartz, thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL), can date these older deposits. OSL and TT-OSL results are combined to provide a chronology for the site. Ages indicate four phases of punctuated deposition by the dominantly laterally migrating and vertically aggrading Kalambo River (∼500–300 ka, ∼300–50 ka, ∼50–30 ka, ∼1.5–0.49 ka), followed by deep incision and renewed lateral migration at a lower topographic level. A conceptual model for site formation provides the basis for improved interpretation of the generation, preservation, and visibility of the Kalambo archaeological record. This model highlights the important role of intrinsic meander dynamics in site formation and does not necessarily require complex interpretations that invoke periodic blocking of the Kalambo River, as has previously been suggested. The oldest luminescence ages place the Mode 2/3 transition between ∼500 and 300 ka, consistent with other African and Asian sites where a similar transition can be found. The study approach adopted here can potentially be applied to other fluvial Stone Age sites throughout Africa and beyond.}, keywords = {Fluvial deposits Geochronology Meander South-central Africa Stone Age}, ISSN = {0047-2484}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.05.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248415001104}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Duller, GeoffreyA T.}, title = {Luminescence Dating}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {125}, pages = {390-404}, abstract = {Luminescence: emission of light from a semiconductor or insulator in response to some form of stimulation such as heat or light. In the context of using luminescence for dating, the luminescence signal arises from the release of energy stored from prior exposure to ionizing radiation such as alpha, beta, or gamma radiation. Thus, luminescence provides a mechanism for measuring the amount of ionizing radiation a sample has been exposed to. Thermoluminescence (TL): Emission of luminescence in response to heating of the sample. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL): Emission of luminescence in response to exposing the sample to light. In the laboratory this light is normally restricted to a narrow range of wavelengths. }, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_125}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_125}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Duller, GeoffreyA T.}, title = {Luminescence, Biogenic Carbonates}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {126}, pages = {445-446}, abstract = { Biogenic carbonates. Carbonates, especially calcite and aragonite, precipitated as a result of biological processes. Luminescence dating. The use of the luminescence signal emitted from a mineral to date its formation or some other event. Introduction The emission of luminescence from quartz and feldspar has been widely exploited as the basis for dating sediments, pottery, and burnt stones (see “Luminescence Dating”). Calcite (CaCO3) and its polymorph aragonite yield thermoluminescence (TL) signals which grow with exposure to ionizing radiation in the same way as seen for quartz and feldspar. A number of studies have been undertaken to explore whether geochronological information can be obtained from this TL signal from calcite, and these have focused on trying to date the formation of the mineral. Initial efforts in the 1970s and 1980s (Wintle, 1978; Debenham and Aitken, 1984) studied stalagmitic calcite, but more recently a small number of researchers have looked at the potential of biogenic carbonates, produced by bivalves and molluscs. The TL signal from calcite does not bleach rapidly in light, and dating applications have dated the crystallization event rather than the last exposure to daylight. Nonetheless, it is prudent to minimize light exposure during sampling, preparation, and measurement.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_126}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_126}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Durcan, Julie A. and King, Georgina E. and Duller, Geoffrey A. T.}, title = {DRAC: Dose Rate and Age Calculator for trapped charge dating}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {28}, number = {0}, pages = {54-61}, abstract = {Accurate calculation of the environmental radiation dose rate (Ḋ) is an essential part of trapped charge dating methods, such as luminescence and electron spin resonance dating. Although the calculation of Ḋ is not mathematically complex, the incorporation of multiple variables and the propagation of uncertainties can be challenging. The Dose Rate and Age Calculator (DRAC) is an open access, web-based program which enables rapid Ḋ calculation for trapped charge dating applications. Users can select from recently published attenuation and conversion factors to make mathematically robust, reproducible Ḋ calculations. Comparison of DRAC calculated Ḋ values against the published Ḋ determinations of 422 samples from 32 studies results in a reproducibility ratio of 1.01 ± 0.05. It is anticipated that DRAC will facilitate easier inter-laboratory comparisons and will provide greater transparency for Ḋ calculations. DRAC will be updated to reflect the latest advances in Ḋ calculation and is freely accessible at www.aber.ac.uk/alrl/drac. The code for DRAC is available from github at https://github.com/DRAC-calculator/DRAC-calculator.}, keywords = {DRAC Dose rate Age Calculator Luminescence dating Electron spin resonance dating Software Open access}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000692}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Duval, M.}, title = {Dating fossil teeth by electron paramagnetic resonance: How is that possible?}, journal = {Spectroscopy Europe}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {6-13}, note = {Export Date: 18 November 2014}, abstract = {Experts share their views on how electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) helps in dating fossil teeth. EPR spectroscopy is powerful and versatile technique frequently used for quatitative and qualitative analysis in a wide range of scientific fields, including chemistry and physics. EPR is a technique which is designed for studying paramagnetic species which possess unpaired electrons. EPR spectroscopy is widely recognized as a reference technique for routine dosimetry by many international institutions. Many applications have been developed for EPR, including those for post-accident dose reconstruction in the environment, biophysical dosimetry using human tissues to identify irradiated foods, and some of them, such as the alanine dosimetry, which have reached a high-level of standardization. An EPR age estimate is the result of a long analytical process, made by five main steps associating fieldwork and laboratory procedures.}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84898453512&partnerID=40&md5=b4676ea9b6a0eac818a9c414c9a49c8f}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Duval, Mathieu}, title = {Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating of Fossil Tooth Enamel}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {71}, pages = {239-246}, abstract = {Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating of fossil tooth enamel Definitions Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating: a chronometric dating method based on the evaluation of the exposure of some materials to natural radioactivity, which is quantified in terms of absorbed radiation dose and corresponds to the energy deposited in the matter by ionizing radiations. D E : equivalent dose. The total absorbed radiation dose as measured in the laboratory. ka: 1,000 years. Ma: 1,000,000 years. Introduction The first ESR dating applications to fossil bones were published in the early 1980s (e.g., Ikeya and Miki, 1980). Given the potential of this kind of material, studies were quickly reoriented toward fossil tooth enamel, which has more suitable characteristics for dating (Grün and Schwarcz, 1987). Then, the method progressively gained in accuracy over the following decades, especially via a better understanding of the ESR signal of fossil enamel and its behavior with the absorbed dose. A major advance in ESR dating of enamel resulted from the introduction of a method combining ESR and U-series data in order to model the uranium (U) uptake into dental tissues, thus constraining the uncertainty of the resulting dose rate (Grün et al., 1988). This definitely helped to convert the method into a valuable tool to date fossil remains beyond the 14C time range.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_71}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_71}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Duval, Mathieu}, title = {Evaluating the accuracy of ESR dose determination of pseudo-Early Pleistocene fossil tooth enamel samples using dose recovery tests}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {79}, number = {0}, pages = {24-32}, abstract = {In ESR dating of Early Pleistocene fossil tooth enamel samples, the fitting function used for the evaluation of the DE value is undoubtedly among the major sources of uncertainty. Dose recovery tests performed on fossil tooth enamel showing DE values >1,000 Gy demonstrate: (i) that high precision ESR measurements (<0.5%) and high DE reproducibility (<5%) may be achieved; (ii) the appropriateness of the Double Saturating Exponential (DSE) fitting function for ESR dose reconstruction. In contrast, the SSE function, which has been almost exclusively used so far, does simply not correctly describe the behavior of the radiation induced ESR signal of tooth enamel with the dose. Several fitting functions and data weighting options were tested and the combination of a DSE with data weighted by the inverse of the squared intensities is the procedure providing the most accurate DE results. However, the SSE may nevertheless sometimes produce consistent results if Dmax does not exceed 6*DE. Further work is required in that direction in order to determine more precisely in which conditions the SSE could be used as a fair approximation of the DSE function for these samples.}, keywords = {ESR dating/dosimetry Fossil tooth enamel Early Pleistocene Dose recovery test}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.06.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300354}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Duval, Mathieu and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Falguères, Christophe and Garcia, Joan and Guilarte, Verónica and Grün, Rainer and Martínez, Kenneth and Moreno, Davinia and Shao, Qingfeng and Voinchet, Pierre}, title = {Revisiting the ESR chronology of the Early Pleistocene hominin occupation at Vallparadís (Barcelona, Spain)}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {389}, pages = {213-223}, abstract = {ESR dating was applied to fossil teeth and optically bleached quartz grain samples from two units of the sequence at Vallparadís (Barcelona, Spain): weighted mean ESR age estimates of 858 ± 87 ka and 849 ± 48 ka were obtained for EVT-7, which includes the archaeological level 10, and EVT-8, respectively. These results are in good agreement with the existing magneto-biostratigraphic framework that constrain these deposits between 780 and 990 ka, and indicate that Vallparadís EVT-7 has a chronology very close to that of Atapuerca Gran Dolina TD-6 (Spain).}, keywords = {Electron spin resonance dating Fossil tooth Quartz grain Early Pleistocene Vallparadís Atapuerca Gran Dolina}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.054}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214006284}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Duval, M. and Campaña, I. and Guilarte, V. and Miguens, L. and Iglesias, J. and González Sierra, S.}, title = {Assessing the uncertainty on particle size and shape: Implications for ESR and OSL dating of quartz and feldspar grains}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {116-122}, abstract = {Grain size and shape are two important parameters in Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of sediment, since they have a direct impact on several correction factors that are used for evaluating the dose rate. These parameters were evaluated by static image analysis for a wide range of quartz and feldspar grain samples. Our results indicate that there are many factors that may influence the final grain size and shape. Overall, grains are not perfect spheres, but should be rather approximated to smooth slightly elongated ellipsoids, with a width that is on average about 25% smaller than the length. For multiple grains dating, this may have an influence of a few percents on the beta dose rate evaluation, and thus even less on the total dose rate. However, in the case of single grain dating, the impact may be somewhat more significant given the large variability in size and shape between grains that may be encountered in a natural sediment. For beta micro-dosimetry purpose, it may be thus useful to better characterize the single grain that is going to be dated.}, keywords = {ESR dating OSL dating Quartz Feldspar grains Size Shape Beta dose attenuations}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871500013X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Duval, Mathieu and Guilarte, Verónica}, title = {ESR dosimetry of optically bleached quartz grains extracted from Plio-Quaternary sediment: Evaluating some key aspects of the ESR signals associated to the Ti-centers}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {78}, number = {0}, pages = {28-41}, abstract = {The present study aims at investigating several key aspects of ESR dose reconstruction of quartz grains based on the analysis of the Ti-center: (i) the evaluation of the ESR intensity, (ii) its impact on measurements precision, and (iii) the potential of various fitting functions to describe the behavior of the signal with the radiation absorbed dose. In contrast with the Al center, the various Ti centers have quite low ESR signal intensities. It is thus crucial to adapt the experimental conditions for the optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio and to perform repeated measurements in order to take into consideration the uncertainty associated to angular dependence of the signal as well as day-to-day variations. Several options (named A to E) for evaluating the ESR intensity of the Ti–Li and Ti–H centers are explored and some of them yield too much experimental uncertainty (e.g. options C and E) and are apparently not suitable for accurate ESR dosimetry. In contrast, options A and D usually provide similar equivalent dose (DE) results and can be used together for assessing the dose absorbed by the Ti–Li center. Our results show a systematic non-monotonic behavior of the ESR signal of the Ti center with the dose, which raise some questions about the suitability of the single saturating exponential (SSE) function that is classically used in ESR dating. Consequently, we explored the potential of other functions that can describe the “radiation bleaching” phenomenon observed at high doses. We recommend the use of a specific fitting function (called Ti-2 in the present paper) previously proposed by Woda and Wagner (2007) for any dose reconstruction, and define some criteria to ensure a good fitting. The SSE function provides DE results that are, in most cases, relatively consistent with those derived from the Ti-2, suggesting that the Ti centers apparently follow a SSE behavior up to, at least, 6.0–6.5 kGy However, the reliability of the DE values obtained with the SSE seems quite dependent on the accuracy of the ESR intensities of the increasing domain of the dose response curve. We also recommend the definition of criteria to check the reliability of the DE results.}, keywords = {Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating Optically bleached quartz grains Ti center Geochronology}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.10.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448714002741}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Duval, Mathieu and Sancho, Carlos and Calle, Mikel and Guilarte, Verónica and Peña-Monné, José Luis}, title = {On the interest of using the multiple center approach in ESR dating of optically bleached quartz grains: Some examples from the Early Pleistocene terraces of the Alcanadre River (Ebro basin, Spain)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {29}, number = {0}, pages = {58-69}, abstract = {The present work reports the first numerical ages obtained for the two highest fluvial terraces (Qt1 and Qt2) of the Alcanadre River system (Northeastern Spain) representing the earliest remnants of Quaternary morphosedimentary fluvial activity in the Ebro basin. ESR dating method was applied to optically bleached quartz grains and both the Al and Ti centers were measured, in accordance with the Multiple Center approach. The results are overall in good agreement with the existing preliminary chronostratigraphic framework and our interpretation indicate that terraces Qt1 and Qt2 have an ESR age of 1276 ± 104 ka and 817 ± 68 ka, respectively. These data provide some chronological insights on the beginning of the fluvial sedimentary processes in a scenario of incision maintained over Quaternary in the Ebro Basin. These are among the first numerical ages obtained for such high terraces in the Iberian Peninsula. Our results demonstrate the interest of using the Multiple Center approach in ESR dating of quartz, since the two centers provide complementary information, i.e. an independent dose control. The overall apparent consistency between the ESR age estimates and the existing preliminary chronostratigraphic framework may be considered as an empirical evidence that the Ti–Li center may actually work for Early Pleistocene deposits, whereas the Ti–H center shows some clear limitations instead. Finally, these results demonstrate the interest of using ESR method to date Early Pleistocene fluvial terraces that are usually beyond the time range covered by the OSL dating method.}, keywords = {Quaternary geochronology Electron spin resonance dating Optically bleached quartz grains Fluvial deposits Terraces Alcanadre river Ebro basin}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300418}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {El-Sayed, A-M and Tanimura, K and Shluger, A L}, title = {Optical signatures of intrinsic electron localization in amorphous SiO 2}, journal = {Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter}, volume = {27}, number = {26}, pages = {265501}, abstract = {We measure and analyse the optical absorption spectra of three silica glass samples irradiated with 1 MeV electrons at 80 K, where self-trapped holes are stable, and use ab initio calculations to demonstrate that these spectra contain a signature of intrinsic electron traps created as counterparts to the holes. In particular, we argue that optical absorption bands peaking at 3.7, 4.7, and 6.4?eV belong to strongly localised electrons trapped at precursor sites in amorphous structure characterized by strained Si?O bonds and O?Si?O angles greater than 132?. These results are important for our understanding of the properties of silica glass and other silicates as well as the reliability of electronic and optical devices and for luminescence dating.}, ISSN = {0953-8984}, url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0953-8984/27/i=26/a=265501}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Falguères, C. and Shao, Q. and Han, F. and Bahain, J. J. and Richard, M. and Perrenoud, C. and Moigne, A. M. and Lumley de, H.}, title = {New ESR and U-series dating at Caune de l'Arago, France: A key-site for European Middle Pleistocene}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {547-553}, abstract = {The Caune de l'Arago, located at Tautavel in the southern part of France, is one of the best documented Middle Pleistocene sites allowing a good understanding of human evolution in Europe. Since its discovery in 1829, the cave yielded more than 140 human remains associated with abundant lithic industries and thousands of faunal remains in a 10 m thick stratigraphical sequence divided in three complexes (Lumley et al., 2014). The Lower stratigraphic complex is only known from cores while the Middle and Upper ones can be divided into about 17 main archaeological levels indexed from the bottom to the top: from level Q to level A. Since 1981, a number of dates were done using practically all the methods available for dating Quaternary period up to 700 ka. U-series dates performed on the upper stalagmitic floor yielded a minimum age of 400 ka for human remains found in the underneath level G (Falguères et al., 2004). This age range confirmed the direct non-destructive gamma-ray age published more than 30 years before (Yokoyama and Nguyen, 1981). Recently, a methodological work was published on herbivorous teeth coming from different parts of the G level highlighting the difficulties to get reliable radiometric dates on a level so rich in bones and partly weathered by guano deposits or issues associated with carbonate accumulation (Han et al., 2010). This study presents new ESR/U-Series dates obtained on herbivorous teeth coming from the lowest excavated layers (Q–P levels) which yield an age range for the entire thick archaeological infilling. The new results suggest that the sedimentological levels containing lithic and faunal artefacts began to be deposited at 550 ka in the P–Q levels and a younger age of 350–400 ka for the F level. The P–Q levels which have yielded bifaces are one of the oldest evidence of the Acheulian culture in the southern part of Western Europe while the dates obtained on G level suggest a contemporaneity with la Sima de los Huesos and TD10 Dolina level at Atapuerca.}, keywords = {Combined ESR/U-Series Middle Pleistocene Arago Acheulian}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000199}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fan, AnChuan and Jin, ZhengYao and Liu, YingYu and Li, ShengHua and ZhangSun, YingZi and Wu, YouJin}, title = {OSL chronology of traditional zinc smelting activity in Yunnan province, southwest China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {369-373}, abstract = {The production of zinc has played an important role in both the technological and the economic history of ancient china. However, the lack of studies on zinc smelting remains with convincing chronology limits our understanding on the history of zinc production. Our recent field survey in Yunnan province, southwest china, has discovered zinc-smelting sites in Qiaojia County. The location is in the Jinsha River Valley, which has abundant lead, zinc, copper and mineral coals. Large numbers of crucible and slags were excavated, which indicates a large scale of zinc production in the region. A profile of 10 layers containing slag pellets altered with fluvial sediments presents clear evidence of a series of zinc smelting events. The ages of both the fluvial sediment and slag layers have been obtained using luminescence dating. Detailed chronology indicates that large scale of zinc production in this area can be traced back to late Qing Dynasty (AD 1854).}, keywords = {Zinc production OSL dating Smelting slag Southwest China}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300248}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fan, Longjiang and Huang, Chun Chang and Pang, Jiangli and Zha, Xiaochun and Zhou, Yali and Li, Xiaogang and Liu, Tao}, title = {Sedimentary records of palaeofloods in the Wubu Reach along the Jin-Shaan gorges of the middle Yellow River, China}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {380–381}, pages = {368-376}, abstract = {The Yellow River is known for the heavy suspended sediment load resulting from intensive soil erosion and human disturbance in the drainage basin. Palaeohydrological investigations were carried out along the Jin-Shaan gorges in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. A set of palaeoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) were identified interbedded in the Holocene loess-soil sequence within the cliff riverbanks. Analytical results of magnetic susceptibility and particle-size distribution indicate that these well-sorted palaeoflood SWD beds were deposited by the suspended sediment load of the floodwater sourced from the loess tablelands in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Four episodes of extraordinary palaeoflood events have been recorded in the Lianghekou (LHK) site. These hydro-climatic events were dated to 3200–2900 a by using the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method in combination with pedo-stratigraphic correlations with the previously studied Holocene pedo-stratigraphy (YHG site) in the Yellow River drainage basin. The peak discharges were estimated to be 41,268–47,415 m3 s−1 by using the slope-area method of streamflow measurement. They are about twice the largest gauged flood (24,000 m3 s−1) that has ever been measured in the Wubu gauge station. These extraordinary palaeoflood events are correlated with Holocene climatic variability characterized by cooling and drying during the period 3200–2900 a. This study provides sdata for hydraulic engineering, development of water resources and mitigating flood hazard in the Yellow River drainage basin, and also gives insight into understanding the sensitivity of regional hydro-climatic systems and the effects of climate change.}, keywords = {Yellow River Palaeoflood Slackwater deposit Climatic change Holocene}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.055}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214002791}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fan, Y. and Chen, X. and Liu, W. and Zhang, F. and Zhang, F.}, title = {Formation of present desert landscape surrounding Jilantai Salt Lake in northern China based on OSL dating}, journal = {Frontiers of Earth Science}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {497-508}, note = {Export Date: 21 August 2015}, abstract = {The Jilantai Salt Lake (JSL), a lake of importance due to its salt production in China since the early Qing dynasty, is surrounded by sand dunes. Exploration of the development of these sand dunes will be helpful for identifying the forces underlying the desert landscape and for identifying a solution to protect the salt resources. Through field investigation, we found sand dunes overlying either lacustrine and bog deposits on the lake bed at a lower altitude or littoral sediments on the higher lakeshores. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating results indicate that sands started to accumulate around the JSL as early as the early Holocene (around 11 ka), while the rapid development of sand dunes occurred within the latest 0.1 ka. By comparison with climatic documents and human activities in adjacent regions, the initiation of sand accumulation around the JSL as early as the early Holocene is considered to be the result of low effective moisture in the Jilantai area. However, the rapid development of the sand dunes in the vast area surrounding the JSL was likely initiated by the intensified human activities which occurred within the latest 0.1 ka under warm and dry climatic conditions. © 2015, Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.}, keywords = {aeolian sand accumulation Jilantai Salt Lake OSL dating}, DOI = {10.1007/s11707-014-0482-3}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84937975577&partnerID=40&md5=18feef6be48dd44dee70b2266b780e58}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Fattahi, Morteza}, title = {Luminescence, Earthquake and Tectonic Activity}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {120}, pages = {456-460}, abstract = { Paleoearthquake. An old, often prehistoric, earthquake. Paleoseismology. The study of paleoearthquakes, especially their geological expression, location, timing, and size. Recurrence interval. The repeat time of major earthquakes. Slip rate. The average velocity with which one side of the fault moves with respect to the other. Earthquake catalogue. A comprehensive earthquake database. Introduction On average, 15 earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 or greater occur on earth every year. Because of their devastating potential, much effort has been devoted to finding a reliable method for predicting the location and time of large earthquakes. So far these efforts have been unsuccessful. However, if the recurrence intervals for earthquakes of various magnitudes in the region of interest were known, it is possible to estimate the probability of an event in the future. Therefore, determining the average rate of recurrence of strong earthquakes on a fault is a key element in long-term hazard assessment}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_120}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_120}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Fattahi, M.}, title = {OSL dating of the Miam Qanat (KĀRIZ) system in NE Iran}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {59}, number = {0}, pages = {54-63}, abstract = {This article presents the first direct absolute dating method of a Qanat system obtained through optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of grains in spoil heaps, using feldspar single-grain, feldspar multi-grain and quartz multi-grain samples. This novel and highly promising approach to improving our understanding of the chronology of Qanats is more important than the final age results. Hitherto, dating of Qanats has been based on indirect evidence from historical reports or archaeological investigations of nearby settlements. This study demonstrate the ability of OSL to date this type of subterranean irrigation feature, which is important in the study of both the archaeology of human settlement and palaeoenvironmental change in arid regions. This method can also be used for dating wells and handmade ditches and canals. Our results show that advanced irrigation technologies existed at Miam in what is now north-east Iran much earlier than previously thought. Dating the now disused Qanat at 3.6–4.3 ka makes it the oldest known. Single-grain dating of sand-sized feldspar that overlie construction spoil show that the Miam Qanat was maintained until at least 1.6 ka. The early development of Qanat irrigation indicates that the causes of widespread societal collapse in eastern Iran in the Bronze Age might not have been driven purely by climatic pressures.}, keywords = {Qanat OSL Dating Iran}, ISSN = {0305-4403}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.04.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440315001387}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fattahi, Morteza and Walker, Richard and Khatib, Mohammad M. and Zarrinkoub, Mohammad and Talebian, Morteza}, title = {Determination of Slip-Rate by Optical Dating of Lake Bed Sediments from the Dasht-E-Bayaz Fault, Ne Iran}, journal = {Geochronometria}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {148-157}, abstract = {The Dasht-e-Bayaz left-lateral strike-slip fault in northeastern Iran ruptured in two destructive earthquakes in 1968 and 1979. The western half of the Dasht-e-Bayaz fault cuts across the dry lake-bed in the Nimbluk valley and has no measurable relief except for at a few localised jogs in the fault trace. We provide the first quantitative constraint on the slip-rate of the Dasht-e-Bayaz fault averaged over the Holocene. The western part of the fault cuts across the Nimbluk valley; the flat surface of which is composed of lake-bed sediments. Small streams cut into the surface of the lake-beds are displaced across the fault by 26 ± 2 m. Two OSL samples of the lake-bed sediments are success-fully dated at 8.6 ± 0.6 and 8.5 ± 1.0 ka, from which we calculate a minimum slip-rate of 2.6 mm/yr. This minimum slip rate remains constant with the previously proposed Holocene slip rate of 2.5 mm/yr and within the range of the Holocene slip rate of 2.4 ± 0.3 mm/yr estimated before on the central section of the Doruneh fault. Keywords : slip-rate; OSL; Dasht-e-Bayaz fault; NE Iran}, ISSN = {18971695}, DOI = {10.1515/geochr-2015-0013}, url = {//www.degruyter.com/view/j/geochr.2015.42.issue-1/geochr-2015-0013/geochr-2015-0013.xml}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Faust, Dominik and Yanes, Yurena and Willkommen, Tobias and Roettig, Christopher and Richter, Daniel and Richter, David and Suchodoletz, Hans v and Zöller, Ludwig}, title = {A contribution to the understanding of late Pleistocene dune sand-paleosol-sequences in Fuerteventura (Canary Islands)}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {246}, pages = {290-304}, abstract = {This paper describes dune sand-paleosol-sequences of four pits in Northern Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). The elaborated stratigraphy is reinforced with luminescence dating to provide a first chronological estimation. Apart from a Holocene colluvial layer, the sequence spans the period from ca. 50 ka to ca. 280 ka. Paleosols were formed during glacial times and point to a standstill in sand supply. The isotopic composition of terrestrial gastropod shells retrieved from soil horizons reflects fluctuations in humidity conditions during different edaphic phases. Because eolian sands were deposited during glacial times as well, it is inferred that soil development was simply caused by a decrease in sand supply independent of climate change. Our geomorphic, geochronological and isotopic results are discussed considering different perspectives of dune sand-paleosol intercalation and more broadly, soil-forming conditions in general.}, keywords = {Eolian deposits Morphodynamics Chronostratigraphy Paleoclimate Fuerteventura}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.023}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15300404}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Feathers, James}, title = {Luminescence dating at Diepkloof Rock Shelter – new dates from single-grain quartz}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {63}, pages = {164-174}, abstract = {Diepkloof Rock Shelter, in South Africa's Western Cape, has been the subject of two different luminescence dating projects in recent years (Jacobs et al., 2008; Tribolo et al., 2013) with somewhat divergent results. This paper presents dating analysis of three additional samples from Diepkloof, as well as one sample each from Kathu Pan 6 and Hollow Rock Shelter, also in South Africa. These samples were collected in 1995, prior to the other two projects. Analysis of single-grain quartz shows that the samples are near saturation. Conventional rejection criteria, when applied to dose recovery data, result in an underestimation of dose for high administered doses. Applying the fast ratio (Durcan and Duller, 2011; Duller, 2012) as a rejection criterion removes this underestimation and preferentially rejects grains from the samples with low equivalent dose values. This makes the ages older than they would have been without this criterion. Age results are older than those presented by Jacobs et al. (2008), and slightly older or equivalent to those provided by Tribolo et al. (2013).}, keywords = {Middle Stone Age Diepkloof Rock Shelter OSL dating Quartz saturation}, ISSN = {0305-4403}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440315000503}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Feathers, James}, title = {Luminescence Dating of Archaeological Sediments}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {55}, pages = {404-409}, abstract = {“Archaeological sediments” can be defined in two ways. First, it can refer to any sediment at archaeological sites even if the depositional agent is entirely geologic. A site is any locus where human activity, as identified by remains of that activity (artifacts), took place. The timing of that activity interests archaeologists. Dating sediments which contain or bracket artifacts is a proxy for dating the activity itself. Luminescence is a powerful tool for this because the event addressed is the deposition itself, assuming sunlight was sufficient to reset the signal during deposition or, if not fully, a well-bleached portion can be isolated. But luminescence is not dating the activity (Richter et al., 2009). Artifacts can be redeposited by geologic forces making their current location not where the activity occurred. To avoid misleading information, bridging arguments are required to link the event dated (last exposure to sunlight) to the activity of interest. Secondly, “archaeological sediments” can refer to sediments who owe their deposition entirely or in part to human activity. Here the link between human activity and the dating event is direct, and bridging arguments are not required, as long as it can be shown that humans were indeed the depositional agent. The latter can be obscure if the human role is indirect, for example, when humans denude the environment of vegetation and become just a trigger for subsequent erosion}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_55}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_55}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Feathers, James K. and Pagonis, Vasilis}, title = {Dating quartz near saturation – Simulations and application at archaeological sites in South Africa and South Carolina}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {416-421}, abstract = {Single-grain dating of quartz near saturation is shown to have the potential of under-estimating equivalent dose. Experimental work shows that dose recoveries can be under-estimated when the administered dose approaches saturation, an observation also seen by Duller (2012). Duller (2012) found that by calculating the ratio between the fast and medium bleaching components, the “fast ratio”, for each grain, the under-estimation can be corrected by removing those grains with low fast ratios. Similar results are shown for samples from archaeological sites in South Africa and South Carolina. To understand why grains with low fast ratios might lead to equivalent dose under-estimation, simulations using a comprehensive quartz model was employed. It was found that large grain-to-grain variation in the decay constants for the fast and medium components can cause this effect.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL Single-grains Saturation Fast ratio Decay constants}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.12.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101414001186}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Feathers, James K. and Zedeño, Maria Nieves and Todd, Lawrence C. and Aaberg, Stephen}, title = {Dating Stone Alignments by Luminescence}, journal = {Advances in Archaeological Practice}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {378-396}, abstract = {Stone alignments, including tipi rings and drive lines, are abundant on the northern Plains and adjacent Rocky Mountains, but they have been notoriously difficult to date. This paper applies luminescence dating to sediments directly underneath the rocks to estimate the age of placement of the rock. This is based on the assumption that before the rock was emplaced, turbation processes brought sufficient grains to the surface, where sunlight reset the signal. Single-grain dating of potassium feldspars allowed isolation of these original well-bleached grains, which by now have built up a signal because the rock prevents transfer to the surface. Plotting the number of original well-bleached grains with depth showed that these grains were concentrated just under the rock and decreased with depth. This is what would be predicted if the assumption is true. Dates were derived from several samples from Kutoyis in north central Montana, from Whitewater in eastern Montana, and from several sites in northwestern Wyoming. Many samples from Kutoyis and Wyoming dated to the last 600 years, but some samples from both places were more than 2,000 years old. The Whitewater features also dated to around 2,000 years ago. The ages are consistent with the cultural history of the areas.}, DOI = {10.7183/2326-3768.3.4.378}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saa/aap/2015/00000003/00000004/art00005 http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.4.378}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fitzsimmons, Kathryn E. and Stern, Nicola and Murray-Wallace, Colin V. and Truscott, William and Pop, Cornel}, title = {The Mungo Mega-Lake Event, Semi-Arid Australia: Non-Linear Descent into the Last Ice Age, Implications for Human Behaviour}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {6}, pages = {e0127008}, abstract = {

The Willandra Lakes complex is one of the few locations in semi-arid Australia to preserve both paleoenvironmental and Paleolithic archeological archives at high resolution. The stratigraphy of transverse lunette dunes on the lakes’ downwind margins record a late Quaternary sequence of wetting and drying. Within the Willandra system, the Lake Mungo lunette is best known for its preservation of the world’s oldest known ritual burials, and high densities of archeological traces documenting human adaptation to changing environmental conditions over the last 45 ka. Here we identify evidence at Lake Mungo for a previously unrecognised short-lived, very high lake filling phase at 24 ka, just prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Mega-lake Mungo was up to 5 m deeper than preceding or subsequent lake full events and represented a lake volume increase of almost 250%. Lake Mungo was linked with neighboring Lake Leaghur at two overflow points, creating an island from the northern part of the Mungo lunette. This event was most likely caused by a pulse of high catchment rainfall and runoff, combined with neotectonic activity which may have warped the lake basin. It indicates a non-linear transition to more arid ice age conditions. The mega-lake restricted mobility for people living in the area, yet archeological traces indicate that humans rapidly adapted to the new conditions. People repeatedly visited the island, transporting stone tools across water and exploiting food resources stranded there. They either swam or used watercraft to facilitate access to the island and across the lake. Since there is no evidence for watercraft use in Australia between initial colonization of the continent prior to 45 ka and the mid-Holocene, repeated visits to the island may represent a resurrection of waterfaring technologies following a hiatus of at least 20 ky.

}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127008}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127008}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Forget Brisson, L. and Lamothe, M. and Huot, S. and Hardy, F. and Chapdelaine, C.}, title = {Optical dating of St. Lawrence Iroquoian ceramics from the Mailhot-Curran site, southern Québec}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {392-397}, abstract = {Infrared-stimulated luminescence dating (IRSL) was applied on pottery sherds from the Mailhot-Curran archaeological site (BgFn-2), a Late Woodland period village located in the Saint-Anicet region, southern Québec (Canada). This site witnessed the presence of St. Lawrence Iroquoians and is thought to have been occupied roughly 500 years ago. The main goal of this study is to chronologically constrain the occupation of this site in order to establish a fine chronological sequence for the occupations of various sites found in this area. The IRSL is used to complement previous dating methods used for Mailhot-Curran (radiocarbon and seriation of the archaeological remains). Dating results are reported for ten samples of local ceramics made from Quaternary Champlain Sea clay. Luminescence dating on fine grains was preferentially used, since feldspar luminescence typically emit a decent luminescence signal. Although the latter was rather dim, anomalous fading was measured and luminescence ages were successfully corrected. It is therefore possible to validate the occupation age of this site.}, keywords = {Northeast North American archaeology Luminescence dating Ceramic dating IRSL St. Lawrence Iroquoians Late Woodland Southern Québec St. Lawrence River Valley}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000114}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Forzoni, Andrea and Storms, J. E. A. and Reimann, Tony and Moreau, Julien and Jouet, Gwenael}, title = {Non-linear response of the Golo River system, Corsica, France, to Late Quaternary climatic and sea level variations}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {121}, number = {0}, pages = {11-27}, abstract = {Disentangling the impact of climatic and sea level variations on fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy is still an outstanding question in sedimentary geology and geomorphology. We used the Golo River system, Corsica, France, as a natural laboratory to investigate the impact of Late Quaternary climate and sea level oscillations on sediment flux from a catchment and on fluvio-deltaic stratigraphy. We applied a numerical model, PaCMod, which calculates catchment sediment production and transport and compared modeling output to the sedimentary record of the Golo alluvial-coastal plain, whose chronology was reinterpreted using new optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages on feldspars. Our modeling, OSL ages, and geomorphological results indicate that the two main phases of braidplain development in the Golo alluvial-coastal plain occurred during the cold–dry phases of MIS5 and during the late MIS4-early MIS3, as a consequence of high catchment erosion rates and low water discharge. Incision and sediment reworking occurred during sea level low stand periods (MIS4 and late MIS3-MIS2). High sediment flux pulses from the catchment outlet were generated during the Lateglacial and early Holocene, as a result of the release of sediments previously stored within the catchment and enhanced snowmelt. Our results suggest a non-linear response of the Golo River system to climatic and eustatic changes, caused by sediment storage within the catchment and geomorphological thresholds. This indicates that a direct comparison between palaeo-climate and stratigraphy is not possible without considering catchment sediment storage and sediment transport delays out of the catchment.}, keywords = {Golo Corsica Quaternary Catchment Sea-level change Climatic changes Non-linear response Sediment flux Sediment storage Alluvial plain}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115001717}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Freiesleben, Trine and Sohbati, Reza and Murray, Andrew and Jain, Mayank and al Khasawneh, Sahar and Hvidt, Søren and Jakobsen, Bo}, title = {Mathematical model quantifies multiple daylight exposure and burial events for rock surfaces using luminescence dating}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {16-22}, abstract = {Interest in the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of rock surfaces has increased significantly over the last few years, as the potential of the method has been explored. It has been realized that luminescence-depth profiles show qualitative evidence for multiple daylight exposure and burial events. To quantify both burial and exposure events a new mathematical model is developed by expanding the existing models of evolution of luminescence–depth profiles, to include repeated sequential events of burial and exposure to daylight. This new model is applied to an infrared stimulated luminescence-depth profile from a feldspar-rich granite cobble from an archaeological site near Aarhus, Denmark. This profile shows qualitative evidence for multiple daylight exposure and burial events; these are quantified using the model developed here. By determining the burial ages from the surface layer of the cobble and by fitting the new model to the luminescence profile, it is concluded that the cobble was well bleached before burial. This indicates that the OSL burial age is likely to be reliable. In addition, a recent known exposure event provides an approximate calibration for older daylight exposure events. This study confirms the suggestion that rock surfaces contain a record of exposure and burial history, and that these events can be quantified. The burial age of rock surfaces can thus be dated with confidence, based on a knowledge of their pre-burial light exposure; it may also be possible to determine the length of a fossil exposure, using a known natural light exposure as calibration.}, keywords = {Rock surface dating Light attenuation IRSL Rock slices Modelling Burial age Exposure age Luminescence-depth profile}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000311}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Frouin, M. and Huot, S. and Mercier, N. and Lahaye, C. and Lamothe, M.}, title = {The issue of laboratory bleaching in the infrared-radiofluorescence dating method}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {212-217}, abstract = {Measuring the infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) signal is methodologically simpler than measuring the IRSL or TL signals. However, unlike classical luminescence measurements, the IR-RF signal is totally resetting when its highest value is reached. Previous studies (Buylaert et al., 2012; Trautmann et al., 2000) reported that the proper bleaching level of an IR-RF signal is difficult to define and seems to be dependent 1) on the wavelength used for bleaching and 2) on exposure duration. The IR-RF signals from K-feldspar samples have been measured with various bleaching wavelengths and exposure time using a Lexsyg research luminescence unit. In this study, we propose suitable bleaching parameters adapted to IR-RF measurements.}, keywords = {Infrared radiofluorescence K-feldspar Bleaching parameters}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.12.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000530}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fruergaard, M. and Møller, I. and Johannessen, P. N. and Nielsen, L. H. and Andersen, T. J. and Nielsen, L. and Sander, L. and Pejrup, M.}, title = {Stratigraphy, evolution, and controls of a holocene transgressive-regressive barrier island under changing sea level: Danish north sea coast}, journal = {Journal of Sedimentary Research}, volume = {85}, number = {7}, pages = {820-844}, note = {Export Date: 27 August 2015}, abstract = {This study provides a detailed reconstruction of the formation of a wave-dominated barrier island and assesses the sedimentological and morphological effects of sea-level changes on barrier evolution. Sedimentological and stratigraphic characteristics of the Holocene deposits are resolved by percussion cores and an extensive ground-penetrating-radar survey. A high-resolution chronology of the cored barrier island deposits is constructed by optically stimulated luminescence dating. This approach facilitates a high spatio-temporal resolution of the island's morphological and depositional evolution. The results show that the barrier island experienced multiple phases of transgressions and regressions during the mid-and late Holocene and that these changes were driven primarily by changes in rates of sea-level rise, sediment supply and the impact of storms. Due to the postglacial sea-level rise, the seaward part of the study area was transgressed by the retreating mainland shoreline, forming a back-barrier basin. At the time of the initial transgression, sea level was rising by more than 4.0 mm yr-1. As sea-level rise decreased to less than 2 mm yr-1 the back-barrier basin rapidly started to fill with sediments before being transgressed by the still retreating open-ocean shoreline. These events were associated with periods of very rapid landward displacement of up to 10 m yr-1 of the mainland shoreline. After stabilization of the barrier island in its most eastward (i.e., landward) location, the open-ocean shoreline prograded about 3 km seaward at a rate of > 3 m yr-1 through the deposition of a 7-m-thick sandy beach and shoreface succession. The progradation occurred despite a sea-level rise of about 1.8 mm yr-1. After the regressive period the barrier island once again became transgressive before shifting back to its current regressive stage. The study shows how comparable rates of sea-level rise can result in very different morphological responses for a single barrier island since sediment supply apparently has varied significantly through time. It also appears that a transgressive situation is reached for this particular barrier island for a sea-level rise higher than about 2 mm yr-1. This gives reason for concern since a number of sealevel change scenarios indicate that such a rate will be reached within a few decades. © 2015, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology).}, DOI = {10.2110/jsr.2015.53}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84938941861&partnerID=40&md5=2b241a6ea0eb618c082851320ecc4ee8}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fruergaard, M. and Piasecki, S. and Johannessen, P.N. and Noe-Nygaard, N. and Andersen, T.J. and Pejrup, M. and Nielsen, L.H.}, title = {Tsunami propagation over a wide, shallow continental shelf caused by the Storegga slide, southeastern North Sea, Denmark}, journal = {Geology}, volume = {43}, number = {12}, pages = {1047-1050}, abstract = {The large Storegga slide, which occurred on the Norwegian Atlantic shelf ∼8150 yr ago, triggered a tsunami that has been identified in sediment deposits along the coasts of Greenland, Norway, the Faroe Islands, the Shetland Islands, Scotland, and the northernmost coasts of England, but hitherto not along the southeastern shores of the North Sea. It has generally been assumed that the shallow continental shelf of the North Sea attenuated and dissipated the energy of the tsunami before it reached those coastlines. We used radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating as well as stratigraphic, lithologic, chemical, and palynological analyses of sediment cores to identify tsunami deposits on the barrier island of Rømø located on the southwestern North Sea coast of Denmark. We show that tsunami sediments were deposited in a freshwater paleolake that is located ∼16 m below present-day mean sea level. The tsunami sediment run-up was between 1.5 m and 5.5 m above the contemporaneous sea level. Our results demonstrate that the Storegga slide tsunami propagated across the wide (>500 km) and relatively shallow (depth <95 m) continental shelf of the North Sea and resulted in run-up along adjacent coastlines. In contradiction to earlier theoretical studies, the coastline of the southeastern North Sea cannot be regarded as being sheltered from impacts of North Atlantic tsunami incidents.}, DOI = {10.1130/g37151.1}, url = {http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/43/12/1047.abstract}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fu, Xiao and Li, Sheng-Hua and Li, Bo}, title = {Optical dating of aeolian and fluvial sediments in north Tian Shan range, China: Luminescence characteristics and methodological aspects}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {161-167}, abstract = {Loess and fluvial sand are important materials for dating river terraces and alluvial fans. This study focuses on the methodological aspects of dating loess and fluvial deposits from the northern flank of the Tian Shan range, China, using sand-sized quartz and potassium (K) feldspar. Luminescence characteristics of quartz and K-feldspar were studied for searching suitable dating procedures. Our results indicate that 1) most quartz aliquots were contaminated by feldspar, and were dated using a post-infrared optically stimulated luminescence (post-IR OSL) procedure. A Fast ratio acceptance threshold of 15 can be applied to select these aliquots with post-IR OSL signals dominated by quartz OSL; 2) the multi-elevated-temperature post-IR IR stimulated luminescence (MET-pIRIR) procedures are applicable for K-feldspar. A test dose of ∼30% of the natural dose is appropriate for dating of older (>10 ka) samples. An Age (T, t) plateau test can be used to evaluate the dating results; 3) for the loess samples, both quartz and K-feldspar were well bleached and are suitable for dating. Dating using K-feldspar is preferred for its higher efficiency; 4) for the fluvial sand samples, only the quartz grains were fully bleached. Single-aliquot dating of quartz gives reliable ages.}, keywords = {Optical dating Loess & fluvial sands Tian Shan Quartz OSL K-feldspar post-IR IRSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000503}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Fuchs, M. and Dietze, M. and Al-Qudah, K. and Lomax, J.}, title = {Dating desert pavements – First results from a challenging environmental archive}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {342-349}, abstract = {Desert pavements are widespread landforms of arid environments. They consist of a monolayer of clasts at the surface, associated with an underlying unit of eolian fines. In some situations, buried desert pavements can be observed, which is interpreted as a change in the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is believed that desert pavements represent important paleoenvironmental sediment archives, especially for arid environments, where natural archives of past environments are rare. To better understand the formation process of desert pavements and to enable the paleoenvironmental interpretation of these valuable sediment archives, reliable chronologies are of crucial importance. Thus, OSL dating was applied to samples from well-developed desert pavements in two different study areas, the Cima Volcanic Field, eastern Mojave Desert, USA, and the desert of northeastern Badia, Jordan. To test the suitability of the sediments for OSL dating, the luminescence characteristics of the fine- and coarse-grain quartz fraction are described and compared. Finally, first OSL ages are presented.}, keywords = {Desert pavements Luminescence dating OSL Quartz Holocene USA Jordan}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000023}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Fujiwara, T. and Toyoda, S. and Uchida, A. and Ishibashi, J. I. and Nakai, S. and Takamasa, A.}, title = {ESR dating of barite in sea-floor hydrothermal sulfide deposits in the okinawa trough}, booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept}, editor = {Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro and Okino, Kyoko and Sunamura, Michinari}, pages = {369-386}, note = {Cited By :1 Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {ESR (electron spin resonance) ages were determined for barite crystals extracted from hydrothermal sulfide deposits taken at Daiyon-Yonaguni Knoll field, Hatoma Knoll field, Iheya North Knoll field, Hakurei Site of Izena Hole field, Yoron Hole field of the Okinawa Trough. The ages range from 4.1 to 16,000 years, being consistent with detection of 228Ra in younger samples and radioactive equilibrium/disequilibrium between radium and daughter nuclei. The variation of the ages within each sample is mostly within the statistical error range. The relative order of the ages is consistent with the result of 226Ra-210Pb method, but the determining absolute ages is still an issue. The order of ages of the 5 hydrothermal fields would be arranged, from young to old as follows; Yoron Hole field, Daiyon-Yonaguni Knoll field, Hatoma Knoll field, being nearly equal to Iheya North Knoll field. © The Author(s) 2015.}, keywords = {Barite Dating Electron spin resonance Hydrothermal activities}, DOI = {10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_29}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930817408&partnerID=40&md5=df314c00a6457a75a204cacdcd8ca05f}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Geach, M. R. and Thomsen, K. J. and Buylaert, J. P. and Murray, A. S. and Mather, A. E. and Telfer, M. W. and Stokes, M.}, title = {Single-grain and multi-grain OSL dating of river terrace sediments in the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {213-218}, abstract = {River terraces represent important records of landscape response to e.g. base-level change and tectonic movement. Both these driving forces are important in the southern Iberian Peninsula. In this study, Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating was used to date two principal river terraces in the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain. A total of 23 samples was collected from the fluvial terraces for dating using quartz OSL. Sixteen of the samples could not be dated because of low saturation levels (e.g. typical 2xD0 < 50 Gy). The remaining seven samples (5 fossil and 2 modern analogues) were investigated using both multi-grain and single-grain analysis. Single grain results show that: (i) measurements from multi-grain aliquots overestimate ages by up to ∼ 4 ka for modern analogues and young samples (<5 ka), presumably because (ii) the presence of many saturated grains has biased the multi-grain results to older ages. Despite the unfavourable luminescence characteristics we are able to present the first numerical ages for two terrace aggradation stages in the Tabernas Basin, one at ∼16 ka and the other within the last 2 ka.}, keywords = {Fluvial Tectonics Climate OSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300352}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Geber-Bergstrand, Therése and Bernhardsson, Christian and Christiansson, Maria and Mattsson, Sören and Rääf, Christopher L.}, title = {Desiccants for retrospective dosimetry using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {78}, number = {0}, pages = {17-22}, abstract = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was used to test different kinds of desiccants for their potential use in retrospective dosimetry. Desiccants are used for the purpose of absorbing liquids and can be found in a number of items which may be found in the immediate environment of a person, including hand bags, drug packages, and the vehicles of rescue service teams. Any material exhibiting OSL properties suitable for retrospective dosimetry is a useful addition to the existing dosimetry system available in emergency preparedness. Eleven kinds of desiccants were investigated in order to obtain an overview of the fundamental OSL properties necessary for retrospective dosimetry. Measurements were made using a Risø TL/OSL reader and irradiations were achieved with the 90Sr/90Y source incorporated in the reader. Several of the desiccants exhibited promising properties as retrospective dosemeters. Some of the materials exhibited a strong as-received signal, i.e. without any laboratory irradiation, but the origin of this signal has not yet been established. The minimum detectable dose ranged from 8 to 450 mGy for ten of the materials and for one material (consisting of natural clay) the minimum detectable dose was 1.8 Gy.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) Desiccants Emergency dosimetry Retrospective dosimetry}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.11.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448714003102}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Ghilardi, Matthieu and Sanderson, David and Kinnaird, Tim and Bicket, Andrew and Balossino, Simone and Parisot, Jean-Claude and Hermitte, Daniel and Guibal, Frédéric and Fleury, Jules T.}, title = {Dating the bridge at Avignon (south France) and reconstructing the Rhone River fluvial palaeo-landscape in Provence from medieval to modern times}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports}, volume = {4}, pages = {336-354}, abstract = {This paper aims to date the construction and demise of the medieval bridge at Avignon by integrating sedimentological and stratigraphic evidence with geophysical surveys (ERT), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon chronologies. In this way the palaeo-environments of Barthelasse Island (Avignon) and the Labadie Plain (Villeneuve-les-Avignon) have been reconstructed, and the physical evidence of this iconic landscape placed in temporal and historic frameworks. In the course of this work the location of piers 9 and 10 (partly destroyed and buried today beneath sediments) of the former masonry bridge were re-discovered and cored to ca. 7 m depth. 14C dating of large fragments of wood (Abies Alba Mill.), from the pier settings, provides the first direct age determination (1213–1280 and 1238–1301 cal. AD) of the constructional phases for the stone bridge at ~ 1250 ± 30 AD and reveals an allochtonous origin of the timber (fir tree) used to support it. This new date from a primary context post-dates the historical attribution based on the Benezet legend (dated to 1177–1185 cal. AD). These results suggest that the material associates with a rebuilding phase, potentially between AD 1234–1237, following the destructive activities of the French Army of Louis VIII during the siege of Avignon in AD 1226. Additionally, the integration of sedimentological data, OSL sediment dating, and 14C results reveal that major detrital phases overlie the bedrock followed by rapid accretion of ca 3 to 7 m of sand to around 1650 ± 50 AD. This relates to the later stages of the Little Ice Age which are characterised by repeated floods and high sedimentation rates in the Lower Rhone River. In this period, the sedimentary archives and chronology record evidence of major environmental change, coincident with the political and economic conditions during the reign of French King Louis XIV and with the final demise of the medieval bridge across the Rhone at Avignon.}, keywords = {Avignon Bridge Rhone River Medieval Geophysics Fluvial geoarchaeology Boreholes OSL dating 14C dating}, ISSN = {2352-409X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15301322}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Gong, Gelian and Sun, Weidong and Xu, Hongyun}, title = {Thermoluminescence signal in K-feldspar grains: Revisited}, journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes}, volume = {105}, pages = {80-87}, abstract = {Recent work has shown that infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals in sedimentary coarse-grain K-feldspars are derived mainly from high temperature thermoluminescence (TL) peaks around 400 °C, and the fading components of the IRSL signal can be preferentially removed by prior IR stimulation at relatively low temperature. Considering the complexity of TL signal for very old samples, we may choose non-fading components from K-feldspar TL signals using the combination of optical and thermal activation methods. This paper examines a protocol of post-IR isothermal TL (i.e. pIRITL) signal for sedimentary coarse-grain K-feldspars, which results from isothermal TL measurements following elevated temperature IR bleaching. We show that a sum of two exponential decay functions can fit well to the pIRITL decay curves, and both the holding temperature for isothermal TL measurements and the prior elevated temperature IR bleaching can affect greatly the fast components of pIRITL signal. The dose response ranges of pIRITL signal are wider than those of post-IR IRSL signals, but the relative high residual pIRITL signal means that it is not appropriate for dating young samples. It is expected that one isothermal TL signal for K-feldspar measured at ~400 °C following IR bleaching at 290 °C (i.e. pIRITL400) is useful for dating very old samples.}, keywords = {K-feldspar Isothermal TL IRSL Non-fading}, ISSN = {0969-8043}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.07.057}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804315301378}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Gong, Zhijun and Li, Sheng-Hua and Li, Bo}, title = {Late Quaternary faulting on the Manas and Hutubi reverse faults in the northern foreland basin of Tian Shan, China}, journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, volume = {424}, number = {0}, pages = {212-225}, abstract = {The Tian Shan Range lies in the actively deforming part of the India–Asia collision zone. In the northern foreland basin of Tian Shan, the strata were intensively deformed by Cenozoic folding and faulting. Slip rate studies along these faults are important for understanding the dynamics of crustal deformation and evaluating the seismic hazards in the region. Two reverse faults (the Manas and Hutubi faults) in the northern foreland basin were investigated. Due to past faulting events along these faults, the terrace treads along the Manas River were ruptured, forming fault scarps several meters in height. Loess deposits were trapped and preserved at the surface ruptures along these scarps. The thickness of the trapped loess is dependent on the size of the ruptures. The minimum and maximum ages of these scarps are constrained by dating the loess preserved at the surface ruptures and the terrace treads, respectively, using the quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating technique. Our dating results suggest that the loess trapped at the ruptures was deposited from the early to mid-Holocene at the Hutubi Fault, and from the mid- to late-Holocene at the Manas Fault. The vertical displacements of the faults were evaluated by measuring the topographic profiles across the investigated fault scarps using the differential global position system (DGPS). Our results suggest that, during the late Quaternary in the studied region, the vertical slip rates of the Manas Fault were between ∼ 0.74   mm / yr and ∼ 1.6   mm / yr , while the Hutubi Fault had a much lower vertical slip rate between ∼ 0.34   mm / yr and ∼ 0.40   mm / yr . The tectonic implications of our results are discussed.}, keywords = {Tian Shan reverse fault OSL dating loess DGPS}, ISSN = {0012-821X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.030}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15003283}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Gong, Zhijun and Sun, Jimin and Lü, Tongyan}, title = {Investigating the components of the optically stimulated luminescence signals of quartz grains from sand dunes in China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {29}, number = {0}, pages = {48-57}, abstract = {The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals from quartz consist of several physically distinct components, which are commonly referred to as fast, medium and slow components. In this study, the OSL components of quartz from the Taklimakan Desert and the Hunshandake sandy land in north China are investigated. Our results show that the relative contributions of OSL components to the bulk OSL signal can be significantly different among quartz grains from both deserts. Laboratory dosing, optical bleaching and heating experiments are used to test their effects on the relative contributions of quartz OSL components. It is found that cycles of dosing and optical bleaching have insignificant impact on the relative contributions of quartz OSL components, while heating to high temperature (500 °C) can significantly enhance the contribution of the fast component to the bulk OSL signals, especially for quartz samples from the Taklimakan Desert. Such results suggest that the different heating history of natural quartz grains plays an important role in controlling OSL components. Additionally, the quartz grains from the Hunshandake sandy land can easily be distinguished from those of the Taklimakan Desert, by using a ternary plot of fast-medium-slow components. The quartz grains from the Hunshandake sandy land exhibit a much stronger fast component than those from the Taklimakan Desert. This can be explained by that the quartz grains from the Hunshandake sandy land are mainly of igneous origin, while most of the quartz grains from the Taklimakan Desert are of low grade metamorphic origin.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL Component Northern desert Provenance}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300406}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {González-Villanueva, Rita and Pérez-Arlucea, Marta and Costas, Susana and Bao, Roberto and Otero, Xose L and Goble, Ronald}, title = {8000 years of environmental evolution of barrier–lagoon systems emplaced in coastal embayments (NW Iberia)}, journal = {The Holocene}, volume = {25}, number = {11}, pages = {1786-1801}, abstract = {The rocky and indented coast of NW Iberia is characterized by the presence of highly valuable and vulnerable, small and shallow barrier–lagoon systems structurally controlled. The case study was selected to analyse barrier–lagoon evolution based on detailed sedimentary architecture, chronology, geochemical and biological proxies. The main objective is to test the hypothesis of structural control and the significance at regional scale of any high-energy event recorded. This work is also aimed at identifying general patterns and conceptualizing the formation and evolution of this type of coastal systems. The results allowed us to establish a conceptual model of Holocene evolution that applies to rock-bounded barrier–lagoon systems. The initial stage (early Holocene) is characterized by freshwater peat sedimentation and ended by marine flooding. The timing of the marine flooding depends on the relation between the elevation of the basin and the relative mean sea-level position; the lower the topography, the earlier the marine inundation. Thus, the age of basin inundation ranged from 8 to 4 ka BP supporting significant structural differences. Once marine inundation occurred, all systems followed similar evolutionary patterns characterized by a phase of landward barrier migration and aeolian sedimentation towards the back-barrier (i.e. retrogradation) that extended circa 3.5 ka BP. The later phases of evolution are characterized by a general trend to the stabilization of the barriers and the infilling of the lagoons. This stabilization may be temporally interrupted by episodes of enhanced storminess or sediment scarcity. In this regard, washover deposits identified within the sedimentary architecture of the case study explored here suggest pervasive high-energy events coeval with some of the cooling events identified in the North Atlantic during the mid- to late Holocene.}, DOI = {10.1177/0959683615591351}, url = {http://hol.sagepub.com/content/25/11/1786.abstract}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Gray, H.J. and Mahan, S.A. and Rittenour, T. and Nelson, M.}, title = {Guide to luminescence dating techniques and their applications for paleoseismic research}, booktitle = {Basin and Range Province Seismic Hazards Summit III}, editor = {Lund, W.R.}, series = {Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication}, abstract = {Over the past 25 years, luminescence dating has become a key tool for dating sediments of interest in paleoseismic research. The data obtained from luminescence dating has been used to determine timing of fault displacement, calculate slip rates, and estimate earthquake recurrence intervals. The flexibility of luminescence is a key complement to other chronometers such as radiocarbon or cosmogenic nuclides. Careful sampling and correct selection of sample sites exert two of the strongest controls on obtaining an accurate luminescence age. Factors such as partial bleaching and post-depositional mixing should be avoided during sampling and special measures may be needed to help correct for associated problems. Like all geochronologic techniques, context is necessary for interpreting and calculating luminescence results and this can be achieved by supplying participating labs with associated trench logs, photos, and stratigraphic locations of sample sites.}, url = {ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/misc_pubs/mp-15-5/mp-15-5_invited_paper.pdf}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Greilich, S. and Gribenski, N. and Mittelstraß, D. and Dornich, K. and Huot, S. and Preusser, F.}, title = {Single-grain dose-distribution measurements by optically stimulated luminescence using an integrated EMCCD-based system}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {29}, number = {0}, pages = {70-79}, abstract = {We report on the feasibility of assessing single-grain dose-distributions by using an EMCCD-based imaging system with complementary analysis software. Automated image-processing was successfully applied to compensate sample motion and for grain identification. Following a dose recovery test, 74% of the grains were recognized successfully, and 44% exhibited a suitable OSL dose response behavior to interpolate an equivalent dose value, and a central dose recovery ratio of 1.038 was obtained.}, keywords = {Spatially resolved luminescence OSL TL Luminescence dating Lexsyg reader}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300455}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Gribenski, Natacha and Preusser, Frank and Greilich, Steffen and Huot, Sebastien and Mittelstraß, Dirk}, title = {Investigation of cross talk in single grain luminescence measurements using an EMCCD camera}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {163-170}, abstract = {Highly sensitive electron multiplying charges coupled devices (EMCCD) enable the spatial detection of luminescence emissions from samples and have a high potential in single grain luminescence dating. However, the main challenge of this approach is the potential effect of cross talk, i.e. the influence of signal emitted by neighbouring grains, which will bias the information recorded from individual grains. Here, we present the first investigations into this phenomenon when performing single grain luminescence measurements of quartz grains spread over the flat surface of a sample carrier. Dose recovery tests using mixed populations show an important effect of cross talk, even when some distance is kept between grains. This issue is further investigated by focusing just on two grains and complemented by simulated experiments. Creation of an additional rejection criteria based on the brightness properties of the grains is inefficient in selecting grains unaffected by their surroundings. Therefore, the use of physical approaches or image processing algorithms to directly counteract cross talk is essential to allow routine single grain luminescence dating using EMCCD cameras.}, keywords = {Luminescence Spatially resolved EMCCD camera Cross talk Single grain}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000256}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Groucutt, H. S. and White, T. S. and Clark-Balzan, L. and Parton, A. and Crassard, R. and Shipton, C. and Jennings, R. P. and Parker, A. G. and Breeze, P. S. and Scerri, E. M. L. and Alsharekh, A. and Petraglia, M. D.}, title = {Human occupation of the Arabian Empty Quarter during MIS 5: Evidence from Mundafan Al-Buhayrah, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {119}, pages = {116-135}, note = {Export Date: 5 June 2015}, abstract = {The Empty Quarter (or Rub' al Khali) of the Arabian Peninsula is the largest continuous sandy desert in the world. It has been known for several decades that Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, representing phases of wetter climate, are preserved there. These sequences have yielded palaeontological evidence in the form of a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils and have been dated using various radiometric techniques. However, evidence for human presence during these wetter phases has until now been ephemeral. Here, we report on the first stratified and dated archaeology from the Empty Quarter, recovered from the site of Mundafan Al-Buhayrah (MDF-61). Human occupation at the site, represented by stone tools, has been dated to the later part of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 using multiple luminescence dating techniques (multigrain and single grain OSL, TT-OSL). The sequence consists primarily of lacustrine and palustrine sediments, from which evidence for changing local environmental conditions has been obtained through analysis of fossil assemblages (phytoliths and non-marine molluscs and ostracods). The discovery of securely-dated archaeological material at 100 to 80ka in the Empty Quarter has important implications for hypotheses concerning the timing and routes of dispersal of Homo sapiens out of Africa, which have been much debated. Consequently, the data presented here fill a crucial gap in palaeoenvironmental and archaeological understanding of the southern Arabian interior. Fossils of H. sapiens in the Levant, also dated to MIS 5, together with Middle Palaeolithic archaeological sites in Arabia and India are thought to represent the earliest dispersal of our species out of Africa. We suggest that the widespread occurrence of similar lithic technologies across southern Asia, coupled with a growing body of evidence for environmental amelioration across the Saharo-Arabian belt, indicates that occupation of the Levant by H. sapiens during MIS 5 may not have been a brief, localized 'failed dispersal', but part of a wider demographic expansion. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.}, keywords = {Arabia Empty Quarter Middle Palaeolithic MIS 5 Pleistocene}, DOI = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.020}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929410743&partnerID=40&md5=7dfdd02b508f9a544e13a5c0912bbca5}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Guérin, Guillaume}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Dose Rates}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {33}, pages = {414-417}, abstract = {Dose rate: the amount of energy absorbed by a mineral that can be used as a natural dosimeter per unit time and mass, resulting from naturally occurring radiation both in the sample and its environment. Unit: Gy.a−1 (more commonly given in Gy.ka−1).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_33}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_33}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Guérin, Guillaume and Combès, Benoit and Lahaye, Christelle and Thomsen, Kristina J. and Tribolo, Chantal and Urbanova, Petra and Guibert, Pierre and Mercier, Norbert and Valladas, Hélène}, title = {Testing the accuracy of a Bayesian central-dose model for single-grain OSL, using known-age samples}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {62-70}, abstract = {While reviews of comparisons between multi-grain OSL ages and independent chronological information are available in the literature, there is hardly any such performance test for single-grain OSL ages. And yet, this is all the more needed as the interpretation of single-grain dose distributions remains a difficult task, given the typically considerable dispersion in equivalent dose values measured by OSL – and the numerous sources of such dispersion in measurements. Here, we present the study of 19 samples for which independent age control is available, and whose ages range from 2 to 46 ka. Based on multi-grain OSL age estimates, these samples are presumed to have been both well-bleached at burial, and unaffected by mixing after deposition. Two ways of estimating single-grain ages are then compared: the standard approach on the one hand, consisting of applying the Central Age Model to De values determined with the Analyst software; on the other hand, the central dose model recently proposed by Combès et al. (Combès, B., Philippe, A., Lanos, P., Mercier, N., Tribolo, C., Guerin, G., Guibert, P., Lahaye, C., in press. Quaternary Geochronology). The median of the relative discrepancy between single-grain OSL and reference ages is about twice as large for the standard approach (12%) as with the Bayesian model (7%). Statistical tests show that, based on our (limited) dataset, the difference between the two models seems to be significant for samples in the age range 4–46 ka. Finally, the influence of various factors on the (in-)accuracy of single grain OSL ages is discussed; it appears that the accuracy of ages estimated in a standard way decreases when age is increased, while the Bayesian model seems more robust. This study also shows that (i) there is no 20% limit on the CAM overdispersion parameter for well-bleached samples; (ii) dose recovery experiments do not seem to be a very reliable tool to estimate the accuracy of a SAR measurement protocol for age determination.}, keywords = {Single-grain OSL Accuracy tests Bayesian statistics Central Age Model Comparative study}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300032}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Guérin, Gilles and Visocekas, Raphaël}, title = {Volcanic feldspars anomalous fading: Evidence for two different mechanisms}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {218-223}, abstract = {This study presents measurements of anomalous fading of feldspars extracted from volcanic units from the Auvergne (France) and Patmos Island (Greece). We measured the fading rate for samples stored at ambient temperature, and also at liquid nitrogen temperature. A strongly different behaviour is then observed, the fading is reduced to values usually obtained and explained by pure tunnelling recombination of charges to near enough luminescence centres, which is athermal. We suggest that the temperature dependent or “frozen” part of the fading is relevant to a different mechanism, which is “hopping”, already proposed in the mid-sixties, which preserves the experimental logarithmic fading decreasing law.}, keywords = {Anomalous fading Volcanic feldspars Sanidine Plagioclase Freezing of fading Hopping Conductivity Crystal disorder Tunnelling Luminescence}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.08.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715001298}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Guibert, Pierre and Brodard, Aurélie and Quiles, Anita and Geneste, Jean-Michel and Baffier, Dominique and Debard, Evelyne and Ferrier, Catherine}, title = {When were the walls of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave heated? A chronological approach by thermoluminescence}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {29}, number = {0}, pages = {36-47}, abstract = {Direct chronological data of the ancient heating of calcitic walls at the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave (Ardèche, France) were obtained at the Galerie des Mégacéros and at the Eboulis d'Entrée. Fragments of reddened limestone were extracted from the walls and were studied by thermoluminescence (TL). A novel measurement protocol of the equivalent dose (ED) was implemented and was optimized with respect to the nature of the material being dated (calcite), to the small quantities of sample available and to the relatively low heating of the rock surface in the past (close to 350 °C). The presence of a high level of free radon in the cave and 210Pb in large excess in samples implied the development of a specific irradiation model allowing the evaluation of the mean annual dose over time, taking into account possible scenarios of radon and daughters migration from the bedrock. The following dating results were obtained (in ka before the present and associated total estimated standard deviation): - Galerie des Mégacéros, 36.9 ± 2.3 ka. - Eboulis d'Entrée, 34.3 ± 2.9 ka. These data are in agreement with the calibrated radiocarbon dates of the most ancient periods of human occupation in their respective areas. TL dates indicate that the fires which altered the walls were lighted during the first paleolithic human occupation period. Eventually, TL dating of the heated surface of the bedrock opens a new window on the chronology of human activities in the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave and it makes an alternative contribution to the demonstration of the early chronology of its rock art.}, keywords = {Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave Thermoluminescence dating Heated bedrock Calcite Disequilibrium in U series Radon}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187110141530008X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Guo, Y. J. and Li, B. and Zhang, J. F. and Roberts, R. G.}, title = {Luminescence-based chronologies for Palaeolithic sites in the Nihewan Basin, northern China: First tests using newly developed optical dating procedures for potassium feldspar grains}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports}, volume = {3}, pages = {31-40}, note = {Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {The Nihewan Basin in northern China is a key region in East Asia for the study of early human evolution, owing to the abundance of Palaeolithic sites with ages spanning the entire Pleistocene. However, most of the sites assigned to the Middle to Late Pleistocene have not been dated or are poorly dated, due to the lack of suitable numerical dating techniques. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz grains is commonly restricted to deposits younger than ~200ka, but recent developments using the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) emissions from grains of potassium-rich feldspar (K-feldspar) offer the potential to date Middle Pleistocene deposits using post-infrared IRSL (pIRIR) signals that do not suffer from 'anomalous fading'. In this paper, we report the first archaeological applications of the recently developed pre-dose multiple elevated temperature pIRIR (pMET-pIRIR) procedures for K-feldspar, which we applied to the sedimentary deposits at one Lower Palaeolithic site (Donggutuo) and one putatively Middle Palaeolithic site (Motianling) in the Nihewan Basin. Equivalent dose (De) values were measured, and non-fading signals were identified, using single-aliquot (SAR) and multiple-aliquot (MAR) regenerative-dose pMET-pIRIR procedures. For a sample from Donggutuo expected to be in field saturation, the natural pMET-pIRIR signals were consistent with, or close, to the laboratory saturation levels only when the MAR procedure was used. For the samples from Motianling, however, both the SAR and MAR procedures could be applied and these yielded indistinguishable De estimates. Our study shows that De values of up to 1500Gy (or possibly 2000Gy) can be measured using pMET-pIRIR procedures, corresponding to ages of up to 500ka (or 650ka) for deposits with environmental dose rates of ~3Gy/ka, as is typical for this region. Our results also indicate that samples from a single study area (the Nihewan Basin) can respond differently to the same measurement conditions. As regards the archaeology of the Nihewan Basin, we date the upper part of the cultural layer at the Motianling site to 322±33ka and the underlying culturally sterile deposits to 370±50ka. These ages challenge the stratigraphic correlation of the stone artefacts to the Middle Palaeolithic and suggest that they should, instead, be assigned to the Lower Palaeolithic. Given this revised chronology, there is clearly a need to reassess the antiquity of other sites in the Nihewan Basin that have similarly been assigned previously to the Middle Palaeolithic. The pMET-pIRIR procedures tested in this paper show great promise as suitable chronometers for this task, and should be able to provide a timeline for human evolution and activities extending over the last half-million years in this key region of East Asia. © 2015 .}, keywords = {Anomalous fading Infrared stimulated luminescence IRSL K-feldspar Late Pleistocene Lower Palaeolithic Middle Palaeolithic Middle Pleistocene Nihewan Formation PMET-pIRIR}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.017}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84930206044&partnerID=40&md5=e6dbcdfc685389497d9fb83d050a5764}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Guralnik, Benny and Jain, Mayank and Herman, Frédéric and Ankjærgaard, Christina and Murray, Andrew S. and Valla, Pierre G. and Preusser, Frank and King, Georgina E. and Chen, Reuven and Lowick, Sally E. and Kook, Myungho and Rhodes, Edward J.}, title = {OSL-thermochronometry of feldspar from the KTB borehole, Germany}, journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, volume = {423}, number = {0}, pages = {232-243}, abstract = {The reconstruction of thermal histories of rocks (thermochronometry) is a fundamental tool both in Earth science and in geological exploration. However, few methods are currently capable of resolving the low-temperature thermal evolution of the upper ∼2 km of the Earth's crust. Here we introduce a new thermochronometer based on the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) from feldspar, and validate the extrapolation of its response to artificial radiation and heat in the laboratory to natural environmental conditions. Specifically, we present a new detailed Na-feldspar IRSL thermochronology from a well-documented thermally-stable crustal environment at the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB). There, the natural luminescence of Na-feldspar extracted from twelve borehole samples (0.1–2.3 km depth, corresponding to 10–70 °C) can be either (i) predicted within uncertainties from the current geothermal gradient, or (ii) inverted into a geothermal palaeogradient of 29 ± 2  °C km−1, integrating natural thermal conditions over the last ∼65 ka. The demonstrated ability to invert a depth–luminescence dataset into a meaningful geothermal palaeogradient opens new venues for reconstructing recent ambient temperatures of the shallow crust (<0.3 Ma, 40–70 °C range), or for studying equally recent and rapid transient cooling in active orogens (<0.3 Ma, >200 °C Ma−1 range). Although Na-feldspar IRSL is prone to field saturation in colder or slower environments, the method's primary relevance appears to be for borehole and tunnel studies, where it may offer remarkably recent (<0.3 Ma) information on the thermal structure and history of hydrothermal fields, nuclear waste repositories and hydrocarbon reservoirs.}, keywords = {low-temperature thermochronology OSL-thermochronology feldspar IRSL KTB drillhole geothermal gradient in-situ palaeothermometry}, ISSN = {0012-821X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.04.032}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15002812}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Guralnik, Benny and Li, Bo and Jain, Mayank and Chen, Reuven and Paris, Richard B. and Murray, Andrew S. and Li, Sheng-Hua and Pagonis, Vasilis and Valla, Pierre G. and Herman, Frédéric}, title = {Radiation-induced growth and isothermal decay of infrared-stimulated luminescence from feldspar}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {224-231}, abstract = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages can determine a wide range of geological events or processes, such as the timing of sediment deposition, the exposure duration of a rock surface, or the cooling rate of bedrock. The accuracy of OSL dating critically depends on our capability to describe the growth and decay of laboratory-regenerated luminescence signals. Here we review a selection of common models describing the response of infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) of feldspar to constant radiation and temperature as administered in the laboratory. We use this opportunity to introduce a general-order kinetic model that successfully captures the behaviour of different materials and experimental conditions with a minimum of model parameters, and thus appears suitable for future application and validation in natural environments. Finally, we evaluate all the presented models by their ability to accurately describe a recently published feldspar multi-elevated temperature post-IR IRSL (MET-pIRIR) dataset, and highlight each model's strengths and shortfalls.}, keywords = {Feldspar IRSL MET-pIR Multiexponential analysis General order kinetics}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000384}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Gusev, E.A. and Molodkov, A.N. and Derevyanko, L.G}, title = {Sopochnaya Karga mammoth, time and environment conditions of its habitat (North of West Siberia)}, journal = {Advances in Current Natural Sciences}, volume = {1}, pages = {432–435}, abstract = {Sediments containing the remains of a mammoth, found near Sopochnaya Karga Cape in 2012, were studied. Lithological characteristics, radiocarbon and OSL dating, spores and pollen data indicate Karginian (MIS 3) time living mammoth. Landscape and climatic conditions that are close to modern were reconstructed. Keywords: mammoth, northern West Siberia, radiocarbon dating, OSL, MIS 3, Karginian time}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hall, Stephen A. and Goble, Ronald J.}, title = {OSL age and stratigraphy of the Strauss sand sheet in New Mexico, USA}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {241}, number = {0}, pages = {42-54}, abstract = {The Strauss sand sheet occurs in south-central New Mexico, USA, and northern Chihuahua, Mexico, covering an area of about 4740 km2. Its chronology is determined by 19 OSL ages. The sand sheet formed primarily during three phases of eolian deflation and deposition, each phase with a separate sand source and under different climatic and environmental circumstances. The first phase of eolian sedimentation occurred 45 to 15 ka with the deposition of unit 1. The sand source for the first phase was beach-related features along the eastern shoreline of pluvial Lake Palomas in Mexico. The glacial-age climate was cool, wet, and windy because of the southern path of the jet stream at that time. After 15 ka, with the onset of warmer conditions of the Bølling–Allerød, the shutting down of the Palomas sand source, and wet conditions of the Younger Dryas, the sand sheet stabilized with weak soil development in unit 1. By 11 ka, the climate shifted to Holocene drying conditions and the second phase of sand accumulation began, forming unit 2; the sand source was the local deflation of the previously deposited unit 1 sand. The sand sheet stabilized again by 1.9 ka with slightly wetter late Holocene climate; a weak soil formed in unit 2 sand. About A.D. 1500 and extending to about A.D. 1850 or later, an A horizon formed on the sand sheet, probably in response to a desert grassland vegetation during the period of wet climate of the Little Ice Age. In an anthropogenic third phase of eolian activity, after A.D. 1850, the vegetation was likely disturbed by overgrazing; and the unit 2 and A horizon (unit 3) sands were deflated, resulting in the deposition of a thin layer of massive eolian sand (unit 4) across the sand sheet. By about A.D. 1900 mesquite shrubs had increased in abundance; and deflated sand, largely from unit 2, began to accumulate around the shrubs, forming coppice dunes (unit 5). Mesquite coppice dunes continued to increase in number and volume during the twentieth century and at present dominate most of the sand sheet. This third phase of eolian deflation–deposition is ongoing today.}, keywords = {Eolian geomorphology Sand sheet OSL dating Sand sources Climate change New Mexico}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.032}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X1500183X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Han, Fei and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Liu, Chunru and Yin, Gongming}, title = {Testing mathematical uranium migration models in combined ESR/U-series dating of fossil teeth from open-air sites}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {519-523}, abstract = {Several mathematical models have been suggested to describe uranium migration kinetics for ESR dating of fossil tooth. In the present study, different U-uptake models were used to calculate ages for fossil teeth from two open-air Paleolithic sites in Nihewan Basin – Donggutuo and Hougou and compared with independent age control of the sites. For Donggutuo site, the results show that the ages of three teeth calculated by EU and AU models were much younger than magnetostratigraphic age. At Hougou site, two teeth from the top of Nihewan lacustrine deposits give the consistent EU and AU ages within errors but younger than sediment OSL age. This study indicates that mathematical modeling could not always give convincing results for the open-air sites, which may experience dramatic hydrological variations and high erosion rates.}, keywords = {ESR/U-series method Fossil teeth Uranium migration model Donggutuo site Hougou site}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300224}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Han, Zhiyong and Li, Xusheng and Yi, Shuangwen and Stevens, Thomas and Chen, Yingyong and Wang, Xiaoyong and Lu, Huayu}, title = {Extreme monsoon aridity episodes recorded in South China during Heinrich Events}, journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, volume = {440}, pages = {467-474}, abstract = {Geological records of climate change since the last glaciation in South China, a core area of the East Asian monsoon, are key to understanding secular variation in the monsoon system. However, with the exception of the speleothems, records from this area with independent age control are few. We investigated aeolian sand deposition on a sand hill on the shore of Poyang Lake in South China and reconstructed the chronological sequence of aeolian deposition using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Without exception, all aeolian sediments were deposited within seven periods that generally match the timing of Heinrich events and other cold periods in Greenland. We argue that aeolian sand accumulation in this region is most likely forced by extreme aridity driven by weakening of the summer monsoon, while the characteristics of this deposition are influenced by winter monsoon intensity. The monsoon shifts revealed here suggest a possible link between North Atlantic cooling and summer monsoon strength in South China, and support the intensities of cooling phases recorded in Greenland ice cores.}, keywords = {Heinrich events Sand hill OSL dating Aridity East Asian monsoon}, ISSN = {0031-0182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.037}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215005477}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hansen, Vicki and Murray, Andrew and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Yeo, Eun-Young and Thomsen, Kristina}, title = {A new irradiated quartz for beta source calibration}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {123-127}, abstract = {For luminescence dating to be an accurate absolute dating technique it is very important that we are able to deliver absolutely known radiation doses in the laboratory. This is normally done using a radiation source (alpha, beta, X-ray) calibrated against an absolutely known reference source. Many laboratories have used the various different batches of Risø calibration quartz for the calibration of beta and X-ray sources, but these have been largely undescribed. Here we describe in detail the preparation and luminescence characteristics of a new quartz standard, based on a North Sea beach sand collected from south-western Denmark (Rømø). Two grain sizes (4–11 μm and 180–250 μm) have been examined in detail. These were pre-treated (annealed, dosed and annealed again) to sensitise and stabilise the luminescence signals before being given an absolutely known gamma dose from a point 137Cs source in scatter-free geometry. The luminescence characteristics are described; the very intense blue-light stimulated signal is dominated by the fast OSL component and the IR-stimulated signal is negligible. The material is shown to be suitable for measurement using SAR, and the dose recovery ratio is indistinguishable from unity with a standard deviation of <2% for multi-grain aliquots. The material is also shown to be suitable for single-grain calibration, with >80% of the grains giving a useful signal. Although there is an unexplained dispersion in our calibration data of ∼3% (which we cannot attribute to instrument variability), we nevertheless conclude that this material is very suitable for transferring absolute known doses from a standardised gamma source to in-built irradiation sources.}, keywords = {Beta source calibration Quartz OSL Coarse grain Fine grain Single grain}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871500044X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Harangi, S. and Lukacs, R. and Schmitt, A. K. and Dunkl, I. and Molnar, K. and Kiss, B. and Seghedi, I. and Novothny, A. and Molnar, M.}, title = {Constraints on the timing of Quaternary volcanism and duration of magma residence at Ciomadul volcano, east-central Europe, from combined U-Th/He and U-Th zircon geochronology}, journal = {Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research}, volume = {301}, pages = {66-80}, note = {Times Cited: 1 Seghedi, Ioan/G-5290-2011 Seghedi, Ioan/0000-0001-7381-7802 0 1 1872-6097}, abstract = {High-spatial resolution zircon geochronology was applied to constrain the timescales of volcanic eruptions of the youngest, mostly explosive volcanic phase of Ciomadul volcano (Carpathian-Pannonian region, Romania). Combined U-Th and (U-Th)/He zircon dating demonstrates that intermittent volcanic eruptions occurred in a time range of 56-32 ka. The reliability of the eruption dates is supported by concordant ages obtained from different dating techniques, such as zircon geochronology, radiocarbon analysis, and infrared stimulated luminescence dating for the same deposits. The new geochronological data suggest that volcanism at Ciomadul is much younger (://WOS:000358391000006}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Harmand, Dominique and Voinchet, Pierre and Cordier, Stéphane and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Rixhon, Gilles}, title = {Datations ESR de terrasses alluviales des vallées de la Moselle et de la Meurthe (France, Allemagne) : implications chronostratigraphiques et limites méthodologiques}, journal = {Quaternaire}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {13-26}, abstract = {ESR dating of fluvial terraces in the Moselle and Meurthe valleys (France, Germany): chronostratigraphical implications and methodological issues The valleys of the River Moselle and one of its main tributaries, the Meurthe, are characterized by well-preserved fluvial terrace staircases. Whereas the younger terraces, attributed to recent glacial-interglacial cycles, have been dated by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), the chronology of the older terraces remains questionable due to the lack of absolute dating. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating was therefore undertaken on Meurthe terrace Me4 (+30 m of relative elevation), Moselle terrace M7 (+70 m) near the French–German border, and the so-called Main Terrace Complex of the German Moselle valley in the Rhenish massif. These main terraces are characterized by the constant absolute elevation of their base (~260 m a.s.l.) along the ~150 km-long reach between Trier and Cochem, implying relative elevations ranging from to 130 to 180 m. The results from terrace Me4 point to its formation during the second part of the Middle Pleistocene, a time span consistent with the Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages of the younger terraces. Unfortunately, deposition cannot be allocated to a specific MIS due to the significant age uncertainties. Although abnormally young ages were obtained for the M7 terrace and for two sites in the Main Terrace Complex, two further sites belonging to this complex point to ages older than 1 Ma. While this result is consistent with the incision rates observed for the younger terraces, it would also refute the commonly assumed age of 800 ka allocated to the penultimate terrace within the complex. Moselle, Meurthe, Quaternary, ESR dating, main terraces}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {He, Zexin and Zhang, Xujiao and Bao, Shuyan and Qiao, Yansong and Sheng, Yuying and Liu, Xiaotong and He, Xiangli and Yang, Xingchen and Zhao, Junxiang and Liu, Ru and Lu, Chunyu}, title = {Multiple climatic cycles imprinted on regional uplift-controlled fluvial terraces in the lower Yalong River and Anning River, SE Tibetan Plateau}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {250}, pages = {95-112}, abstract = {The development of fluvial systems on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is linked to significant and rapid late Cenozoic uplift. The relatively complete fluvial terrace sequence preserved along the Yalong River valley and that of its tributary, the Anning River, provides an excellent archive for studying the development of terraces in rapidly uplifting mountainous areas. This study reveals that terrace development is predominantly controlled by multiscale climate cycles and long-term uplift, as shown by terrace dating, sedimentary characteristics, and incision rates. At least six alluvial terrace units were identified in 20 transverse sections through the terraces along about a 600 km length of river and were dated using Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The climatostratigraphic positions of the terrace deposits and their respective age constraints suggest that fluvial aggradation was concentrated during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 32, 22, 18, 4, 2, and the Younger Dryas (YD) and that incision occurred during the succeeding cold-to-warm transitions. The changes in fluvial style marked by terraces 6, 5, and 4 predominantly occurred in synchrony with the 100-ka Milankovitch climate cycles, while terraces 3 and 2 were controlled by the obliquity-driven 41-ka climate cycles. Finally, the aggradation of terrace T1 occurred in response to the YD stadial. During the intervening time between 0.72 and 0.063 Ma, terraces either did not form or were not preserved, which may suggest that uplift rates varied through time and influenced terrace formation/preservation. The progressive valley incision recorded by these fluvial terraces cannot be entirely explained by climate cycling alone. Temporal and spatial variations in incision rates indicate that the continuing long-term incision has been driven by uplift. The temporal distribution of the incision rates reveals two rapidly uplifting stages in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, including an accelerated uplift that has been taking place since 0.06 Ma. The spatial distributions of differing incision rates reflect the geomorphological response to crustal shortening and differential uplift in this region.}, keywords = {Terrace development Tibetan Plateau Yalong River Anning River Multiclimate cycle Uplift-driven valley incision}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.08.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15301239}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Heaney, Peter J}, title = {Quartz}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {78}, pages = {649-650}, abstract = {On the Earth’s surface, quartz (or, more properly, alpha-quartz) is by far the most common of the crystalline forms of silicon dioxide (SiO2), constituting 12 % of the crust by volume. Among the igneous rocks, quartz is abundant within granites, granodiorites, pegmatites, and rhyolites. The weathering and erosion of these rocks tend to concentrate quartz as sedimentary particles because of its low solubility (~10 ppm) and its mechanical durability (with a Mohs hardness of 7 out of 10). As a result, quartz is the major constituent of highly mature arenitic sandstones. Quartz also can form in sedimentary environments through the chemical precipitation of dissolved silica. The dissolution of volcanic clays or of organosiliceous tests (as are found in diatoms, radiolaria, and sponges) produces a hydrous silica gel that will transform to quartz over thousands of years through diagenetic dehydration at temperatures up to 300 °C and pressures up to 2 kb. Metamorphism of siliceous sedimentary and igneous rocks will also induce quartz crystallization, and quartz is especially abundant within quartzites, schists, and gneisses. Additionally, hydrothermal alteration and fracturing of rocks may yield massive veins of quartz. Quartz is differentiated from other silica minerals by its crystal structure and its field of thermodynamic stability. The low-temperature variety of quartz, called alpha-quartz (or low quartz), is stable when heated up to 573 °C and when stressed to pressures of 20–30 kb. When heated at atmospheric pressure above 573 °C, quartz transforms first to a structural variant called beta-quartz (or high quartz). On further heating, beta-quartz transitions to tridymite and thence to cristobalite before melting to silica liquid at 1,727 °C. When quartz at room temperature is pressurized to ~20 kb, it transforms to coesite; above 75 kb stishovite is the stable silica phase. Euhedral crystals of quartz appear as hexagonal prisms capped at either or both ends by hexagonal pyramids, consistent with the underlying trigonal symmetry of alpha-quartz. The atomic framework of alpha-quartz consists of Si4+ cations that are tetrahedrally coordinated by oxygen anions (O2−). Every oxygen anion is bonded to two silicon cations, so that the tetrahedral units are corner-linked to form continuous chains. In alpha-quartz, two distinct tetrahedral chains spiral about the crystallographic c-axis, creating ditrigonal tunnels along this direction (Figure 1).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_78}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_78}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Hede, M. U. and Sander, L. and Clemmensen, L. B. and Kroon, A. and Pejrup, M. and Nielsen, L.}, title = {Changes in Holocene relative sea-level and coastal morphology: A study of a raised beach ridge system on Samsø, southwest Scandinavia}, journal = {Holocene}, volume = {25}, number = {9}, pages = {1402-1414}, note = {Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {Changes in relative sea-level (RSL) during the Holocene are reconstructed based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data collected across a raised beach ridge system on the island of Samsø, Denmark. The internal architecture of the beach ridge and swale deposits is divided into characteristic radar facies. We identify downlap points interpreted to mark the transition from the beachface to the upper shoreface and, thus, sea-level at the time of deposition. This new data set shows that beach steps can be preserved and resolved in GPR reflection data. This is important, as downlap points identified at the base of the beach steps should be corrected for beach step height in order to be used as a marker of sea-level. Identification of beach steps in combination with observed changes in dips of the interpreted beachface reflections can give information about changes in the morphodynamic conditions of beach ridge progradation through time. The vertical levels of identified downlap points are combined with an age model based on optically stimulated luminescence-dated samples to reconstruct RSL for the past c. 5000 years. Overall, the reconstruction shows that the period between c. 4800 and 3800 yr BP was characterized by relatively high RSL values around 2.3 m above DVR90 (Danish Vertical Reference 1990). A marked decrease in RSL of c. 1.3 m occurred between c. 3800 and 3600 yr BP at a rate of c. 5 mm/yr. After c. 3500 yr BP, the RSL curve shows a gradual decrease at a rate of c. 0.6 mm/yr. © 2015, © The Author(s) 2015.}, keywords = {beach ridge coastal geomorphology ground-penetrating radar Holocene Scandinavia sea-level}, DOI = {10.1177/0959683615585834}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84939534832&partnerID=40&md5=606713ef53d720ee379369d2b60aab6a}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Heimsath, ArjunM}, title = {Luminescence, Soils}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {196}, pages = {489-493}, abstract = { Luminescence dating measures the time since quartz and feldspar mineral grains were last exposed to light. Dating soils with this method quantify the last time mineral grains sampled from within soil profiles were at the ground surface. Definition Luminescence dating measures the time since quartz and feldspar mineral grains were last exposed to light. Dating soils with this method quantify the last time mineral grains sampled from within soil profiles were at the ground surface. Soils can be defined in many different ways depending on the environmental context. For the purposes of this application, soils are defined as colluvial material produced from underlying parent material and being transported by various physical processes. Windblown soils, agricultural soils, and deep chemical weathering profiles are not considered here.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_196}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_196}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Hendricks, Robert and Hodson, Alex}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Shell-Rich Deposits}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {262}, pages = {431-435}, abstract = {OSL of anthropological shell middens; OSL of shell mounds; OSL of geological layers rich in shells Definition Shell-Rich Deposits. Any stratum composed primarily of shells which consist of either aragonite or calcite biomineral. The remaining materials maybe a complex composition of siliciclastic or carbonate grains with or without carbonate cement.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_262}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_262}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Hernandez, Marion and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Mercier, Norbert and Tombret, Olivier and Falguères, Christophe and Jaubert, Jacques}, title = {Dating results on sedimentary quartz, bones and teeth from the Middle Pleistocene archaeological site of Coudoulous I (Lot, SW France): A comparative study between TT-OSL and ESR/U-series methods}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {493-497}, abstract = {This study presents palaeodosimetric results from the Middle Pleistocene archaeological site of Coudoulous I (Lot, SW France). Nine sedimentary quartz samples (41–60 μm) have been analyzed using a multiple aliquot protocol based on the measurement of the TT-OSL signal. In addition, 7 teeth and 7 bones have been dated by combining the ESR method with U-series analyses. Both methods gave consistent age results allowing correlation of the Early Middle Paleolithic Human occupation of the site to MIS 6 and part of the Lower Paleolithic tools to MIS 7. Beyond the establishment of a radiometric chronology for the Coudoulous I sequence, this study focuses on the information extracted from the intercomparison of the methods. Our data suggest that 1) the TT-OSL signal is stable over at least the last 230 ka (considering the age range of the studied samples), 2) there are not significant problems of incomplete bleaching leading support to the applicability of the TT-OSL technique for sedimentary deposits associated with karstic contexts. This approach highlights the interest of combining luminescence and ESR/U-series methods to discuss the reliability of the dating results.}, keywords = {TT-OSL dating ESR/U-series dating SW France Early Middle Palaeolithic}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300388}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hernandez, Marion and Mercier, Norbert}, title = {Characteristics of the post-blue VSL signal from sedimentary quartz}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {78}, number = {0}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {This paper presents investigations on the post-blue Violet Stimulated Luminescence (VSL) signal in quartz and aims at describing several characteristics of this signal. It is shown that the post-blue VSL signal induced by a stimulation at 405 nm after a preheat treatment at 260 °C for 10 s can be described by three first-order components. The first component (VSL1) is naturally bleachable and reaches a low residual level (around 11 Gy for the sample analyzed in this study). Furthermore, solar simulator experiments allow to demonstrate that this component is characterized by a high bleaching decay rate. The origin of the signal was investigated through TL experiments which suggest that the post-blue VSL signal is mainly associated with traps thermally stimulated at 375 °C. Additional results about the measurement parameters (temperature of stimulation, normalization process, preheat temperature) are also reported and discussed.}, keywords = {Post-blue Violet Stimulated Luminescence (VSL) Quartz Source traps Bleachability}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.05.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871530024X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hood, Amber G. E. and Schwenninger, Jean-Luc}, title = {The minimum extraction technique: A new sampling methodology for optically stimulated luminescence dating of museum ceramics}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {381-385}, abstract = {This paper introduces a novel optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sampling protocol, referred to as the minimum extraction technique (MET), which assists in the OSL dating of museum ceramics. Here we outline how to extract a sample using this technique, as well as offering a discussion on the preparation protocols used for the method, and the calculation of the internal and external dose rates. A major benefit of MET is the minute sample size required, resulting in minimal damage to the museum object. MET permits OSL dating of material which would otherwise be usually off-limits for conventional OSL dating, for example, those housed in museum collections. In particular, MET can be used on objects which originate from regions where scientific analysis is currently not permitted on archaeological material, often owing to heritage laws.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence dating Minimum extraction technique HF etching Ceramics Museums}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300431}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hou, GuangLiang and Lai, ZhongPing and Cao, Guangchao and E, ChongYi and Sun, YongJuan and Rhode, David and James, Feathers}, title = {The earliest prehistoric pottery in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its archaeological implications}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {431-437}, abstract = {Remains of prehistoric human activity in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) were often found exposed in the surface due to strong erosion. Thus, archaeological sites containing continuous and integral cultural remains within stratigraphic layers are rare in the plateau. The Jiangxigou site, located in the south of Qinghai Lake basin and in the northeastern margin of the plateau, are such a site with ages ranging from the early to late Holocene, i.e. from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic. Our excavation disclosed remains including more than 700 pieces of microliths, 14 pottery pieces, and other cultural relics. The oldest pottery fragments were found at the depth of 75 cm in the section, and in particular, a painted pottery piece was found at the depth of 61 cm. In this study, both luminescence (TL and OSL) and radiocarbon dating were employed to establish the chronology for these remains. Two pieces of pottery were dated using thermoluminescence (TL), another two pieces of pottery were dated by OSL, and three charcoal samples by AMS 14C. TL age of pottery piece P14 from the depth of 75 cm is 7.06 ± 0.51 ka, making it the earliest pottery in the Tibetan Plateau. The AMS 14C age of charcoals from the same depth of 75 cm is 6805 ± 95 Cal a BP, in agreement with TL age of P14. OSL age of pottery P12 from the depth of 60–70 cm is 6.50 ± 0.47 ka, and OSL age of pottery P9 from 54 cm is 4.97 ± 0.25 ka. Thus, the age of the painted pottery piece at the depth of 61 cm should be ∼5.50 ka by interpolation, making it the earliest painted pottery in the QTP. The pottery P14 has many common features similar to that of the Yangshao culture in China. We suggest that, before 7 ka, hunters using microlithic had been living in the northeastern margin of the QTP. Since 7 ka, these native microlithic hunters had been affected by the Neolithic Yangshao culture from the Loess Plateau, which was characterized by well-developed pottery. Agricultural growers migrated from the lower elevation of the Loess Plateau to the east of the QTP, leading to profound cultural exchanges with highland native microlithic hunters.}, keywords = {Prehistoric human activity Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) Pottery Chronology and origin Palaeolithic to Neolithic transition}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300200}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hu, Gang and Yi, Chao-Lu and Zhang, Jia-Fu and Liu, Jin-Hua and Jiang, Tao}, title = {Luminescence dating of glacial deposits near the eastern Himalayan syntaxis using different grain-size fractions}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {124}, pages = {124-144}, abstract = {Numerical dating of glacial deposits is important for understanding Quaternary glacial evolution. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is one of the techniques widely used on such sediments. Owing to the short distances traveled before deposition, the incomplete bleaching of luminescence signals in glacial sediments may introduce serious dating problems vis-à-vis glacial and any associated sediments. Here, we report a comparison of OSL ages obtained from the fine (4–11 μm) and medium (38–63 μm) grain size fractions of quartz extracted from glaciofluvial sediments and from glacial tills in the Basongcuo catchment near the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. Initially, four glacial stages were identified based on field observations of moraine distribution and geomorpho-stratigraphic relations. A total of 39 OSL samples were then collected from glaciofluvial sand layers or lenses and from till. Quartz grains in the fine (4–11 μm) and medium (38–63 μm) size fractions were extracted from each sample, and dated using the single-aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol. The modern supraglacial sediment sample was dated to ∼0.2 (fine grain) to ∼0.7 (medium grain) ka, suggesting that the sediment was not completely bleached on deposition. Contrary to previous experience suggesting that coarse grains are usually better bleached than fine grains prior to deposition, our results show that estimated OSL ages for fine grains are generally younger than those for medium grains. This suggests that the two fractions may have come from different sources and thus have different bleaching histories, and that fine-grained quartz may be more suitable for OSL dating of these materials. Applying the minimum age model to data from medium-grained quartz yields ages close to those obtained from fine-grained quartz, suggesting that both can be used for dating glacial advances. The OSL dates suggest that glaciers in the studied area advanced at 0.1–1.3 ka, ∼7.5 ka and 11–13 ka, and were furthest advanced between ∼16 and ∼30 ka. The timing of the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is broadly consistent throughout the eastern and central Himalaya and frequent glacial advances after the LGM. All suggest that glaciers in the humid eastern Himalayan syntaxis are sensitive to global cooling.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Partial bleaching Different grain size fractions Glacial sediments Southeastern Tibet}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115300573}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Hughes, Kate and Croke, Jacky and Bartley, Rebecca and Thompson, Chris and Sharma, Ashneel}, title = {Alluvial terrace preservation in the Wet Tropics, northeast Queensland, Australia}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {248}, pages = {311-326}, abstract = {Alluvial terraces provide a record of aggradation and incision and are studied to understand river response to changes in climate, tectonic activity, sea level, and factors internal to the river system. Terraces form in all climatic regions and in a range of geomorphic settings; however, relatively few studies have been undertaken in tectonically stable settings in the tropics. The preservation of alluvial terraces in a valley is driven by lateral channel adjustments, vertical incision, aggradation, and channel stability, processes that can be further understood through examining catchment force–resistance frameworks. This study maps and classifies terraces using soil type, surface elevation, sedimentology, and optically stimulated luminescence dating across five tropical catchments in northeast Queensland, Australia. This allowed for the identification of two terraces across the study catchments (T1, T2). The T1 terrace was abandoned ~ 13.9 ka with its subsequent removal occurring until ~ 7.4 ka. Abandonment of the T2 terrace occurred ~ 4.9 ka with removal occurring until ~ 1.2 ka. Differences in the spatial preservation of these terraces were described using an index of terrace preservation (TPI). Assessments of terrace remnant configuration highlighted three main types of terraces: paired, unpaired, and disconnected, indicating the importance of different processes driving preservation. Regional-scale variability in TPI was not strongly correlated with catchment-scale surrogate variables for drivers of terrace erosion and resistance. However, catchment-specific relationships between TPI and erosion–resistance variables were evident and are used here to explain the dominant processes driving preservation in these tropical settings. This study provides an important insight into terrace preservation in the tectonically stable, humid tropics and provides a framework for future research linking the timing of fluvial response to palaeoclimate change.}, keywords = {Narrow valleys Partly confined Stream power Tropical rivers OSL Soil properties Climate}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.024}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X1530091X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Huot, Sébastien and Frouin, Marine and Lamothe, Michel}, title = {Evidence of shallow TL peak contributions in infrared radiofluorescence}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {237-241}, abstract = {The notion of what is a ‘zero age’ is skewed in IR-RF. For bleached sediment, the IR-RF intensities are found to be at their highest values while it falls at its lowest when it reaches dose saturation. During bleaching, it was shown that a sample emits phosphorescence immediately after bleaching, yet very little is known about it. Here, we will try to identify the source for these trapped electrons. Recent communications in radiofluorescence, have observed an unexpected increase in the beginning of an irradiation, mostly seen in regenerated luminescence. At first glance, this would imply that the increase is tied to an increasingly higher electron capture by the dating trap, during the onset of irradiation. We show that this initial increase is simply due to minute variation in temperature, occurring during the measurements.}, keywords = {Infrared radiofluorescence Phototransferred TL K-feldspar}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.05.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300305}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Ishibashi, J. I. and Shimada, K. and Sato, F. and Uchida, A. and Toyoda, S. and Takamasa, A. and Nakai, S. and Hyodo, H. and Sato, K. and Kumagai, H. and Ikehata, K.}, title = {Dating of hydrothermal mineralization in active hydrothermal fields in the Southern Mariana trough}, booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems: TAIGA Concept}, editor = {Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro and Okino, Kyoko and Sunamura, Michinari}, pages = {289-300}, note = {Cited By :1 Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {Ages of sulfide and sulfate mineralized samples collected from active hydrothermal fields in the Southern Mariana Trough were determined. In addition to samples collected from active and inactive chimneys, and sulfide breccia during dive expeditions, massive sulfide ores obtained by shallow drilling were studied. We applied 230Th/234U radioactive disequilibrium dating technique to sulfide minerals, as the collected mineralized samples were dominated by marcasite, pyrite and sphalerite. In addition, electron spin resonance (ESR) dating was applied to a few barite-rich samples, for comparison purpose. A laser step heating 39Ar-40Ar dating of the basement volcanic rock samples was also attempted. Sulfide chimneys and ores collected from a hydrothermal mound located beside the spreading axis range in age from <100 to 3,520 years old, without notable hiatus. The growth rate of the massive sulfide ore body is calculated to be 0.12–1.5 mm year-1 based on results of the core samples. This age range is comparable for those previously reported for giant hydrothermal mounds of a few 100 m in diameter. These results suggest >1,000 years of continuous hydrothermal activity would be necessary for the formation of a massive sulfide deposit. Sulfide chimneys and breccia collected from two hydrothermal fields located on an offaxis knoll are up to 9,000 years old. Sulfide breccia collected from an active site on the spreading axis are 2,740 and 7,190 years old. Geophysical studies provided evidence for abundant magma supply in the Southern Mariana Trough, which would have fueled hydrothermal activities in this area for long duration. While geophysical evidence for crustal velocity anomaly below the off-axis knoll suggests mineralization at the off-axis sites is considered to be in the late-stage of the hydrothermal activity, the discrete ages from the on-axis site might reflect episodic hydrothermal activities related to diking events proposed by geophysical and geological studies. © The Author(s) 2015.}, keywords = {BMS shallow drilling Massive sulfide deposits U-Th disequilibrium dating}, DOI = {10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_23}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84935839494&partnerID=40&md5=4bb49cafc9f2bfa9ae02f560e000b300}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Ito, Kazumi and Tamura, Toru and Hasebe, Noriko and Nakamura, Toshio and Arai, Shoji and Ogata, Manabu and Itono, Taeko and Kashiwaya, Kenji}, title = {Comparison of Luminescence Dating Methods on Lake Sediments from a Small Catchment: Example from Lake Yogo, Japan}, booktitle = {Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Changes in East Asia}, editor = {Kashiwaya, Kenji and Shen, Ji and Kim, Ju Yong}, publisher = {Springer Japan}, chapter = {11}, pages = {221-238}, abstract = {When applying luminescence dating to sediment deposited in aquatic environments, a key issue for accurate age determination is resetting of acquired luminescence in sediment by surface exposure (bleaching) before burial. The time needed for bleaching is known to vary among the signals used in three methods: optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), and post-infrared IRSL (pIRIR). A comparison of luminescence ages from these different signals is therefore useful to assess whether a sample was fully bleached before burial. In a comparison of OSL, IRSL50/225 and pIRIR225 ages of eight samples of fine-grained sediment from a 294-cm-long sediment core from Lake Yogo, a small-catchment lake in central Japan, the IRSL50/225 and pIRIR225 ages were much older than the OSL ages. The IRSL50/225 residual signals were close to zero, and the difference between pIRIR225 and OSL signals was much larger than the pIRIR225 residual signals. Thus, IRSL50/225 and pIRIR225 signals were not completely bleached, which we attribute to the short sediment transport distance in this small catchment. Five corrected bulk radiocarbon (14C) ages agreed with the OSL ages, except for two intervals in which OSL ages were about 500 and 1,900 years older than the corrected 14C ages. These discrepancies are attributable to incomplete bleaching related to sediment transport, whereas the rest of the OSL ages show no evidence of incomplete bleaching. This study shows that even in samples in which the pIRIR225 and IRSL50/225 signals are not well-bleached, OSL dating yields accurate age estimates because of the faster bleaching rate}, keywords = {OSL dating Post-IR IRSL dating Bulk 14C dating Lake sediments Incomplete bleaching}, ISBN = {978-4-431-55539-1}, DOI = {10.1007/978-4-431-55540-7_11}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55540-7_11}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Jacobs, Zenobia and Roberts, Richard G.}, title = {An improved single grain OSL chronology for the sedimentary deposits from Diepkloof Rockshelter, Western Cape, South Africa}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {63}, pages = {175-192}, abstract = {The single grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronology for the sedimentary deposit at Diepkloof Rockshelter, reported by Jacobs et al. (2008c), has recently been critiqued and several reasons proposed for why the OSL ages for the Intermediate and Early Howieson's Poort (HP) and Still Bay (SB) techno-complexes might be inaccurate. Tribolo et al. (2013) presented a series of OSL and thermoluminescence (TL) ages that were in agreement with each other, but, for some part of the sequence at least, were much older than the OSL chronology of Jacobs et al. (2008c). In this paper, we have tested the criticisms of Tribolo et al. (2013) and colleagues related to both the equivalent dose (De) estimates and the beta dose rates by performing a series of targeted experiments, combined with updates and re-assessments of our error calculations. We show that the De estimates are stable over a range of alternative measurement conditions and also over time. We also demonstrate the reproducibility of our measurement procedures for the beta dose rates, and their accuracy tested against a range of independently obtained estimates. We show that, for the stratigraphic units (SUs) where there are major discrepancies in age between Jacobs et al. (2008c) and Tribolo et al. (2013)—notably the Intermediate HP and Early HP—and for which both studies had single grain OSL ages, the estimation of potassium (K) in the sediment surrounding the dated grains is critical. We provide new and updated De and dose rate estimates, and final ages which we compare with our previous age estimates and those of Tribolo et al. (2013). The differences in the size of the errors associated with the ages reported in the two independent studies are also addressed. We can show that our ages are robust and consistent with the original chronology, but we cannot satisfactorily explain why the TL and OSL ages provided by Tribolo et al. (2013) might be wrong. So, the dating conundrum at Diepkloof Rockshelter remains. As a result, we caution against the development of HP and SB age models based on only one of the chronologies for this site. At this stage, extrapolation of the Tribolo et al. (2013) chronology to a re-interpretation of the southern African MSA would appear to be premature, especially as the ages do not differ systematically between the two studies and as differences between TL and OSL ages are not an issue at other sites in southern Africa where both dating methods have been applied. Further work is needed to resolve the question of the Diepkloof chronology.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence OSL dating TL dating Howieson's Poort Still Bay Middle Stone Age MSA}, ISSN = {0305-4403}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.023}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440315000400}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Jain, Mayank}, title = {Feldspar, Infrared-Stimulated Luminescence}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {207}, pages = {279-284}, abstract = {This entry primarily concerns the characteristics and the origins of infrared-stimulated luminescence in feldspars. Introduction Feldspar is a dominant (~60 %) rock-forming mineral group in the Earth’s crust. Plagioclase feldspars (NaAlSi3O8–CaAl2Si2O8) are also commonly observed in meteorite samples and are a major mineral constituent on the surface of other extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon and Mars. In luminescence dating, K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is the most commonly used dosimeter after quartz. Feldspars have a direct band gap (with parabolic conduction/valence band) which varies with mineralogical composition: 7.86, 7.70, and 7.62 eV in NaAlSi3O8, KAlSi3O8, and CaAl2Si2O8, respectively (Malins et al., 2004; Poolton et al., 2006). Additionally, feldspars have low-mobility band-tail states which may extend up to >1 eV in individual samples (Poolton et al., 2006, 2009). Both structural and atomic defects states occupy the band gap, which give feldspars their dosimetric (geochronometric) characteristics. Exposure to ionizing radiation creates free charge (electrons and holes) that can be trapped at these defects and be subsequently excited either thermally or optically in the UV–vis-NIR (ultraviolet–visible–near infrared) range. This entry concerns the near-infrared (NIR, henceforth IR) resonance feature observed between 750 and 1,000 nm during optical stimulation of these trapped charges and its dosimetric characteristics. The main interest in the IR resonance in feldspars follows from the fact that IR-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signal grows to typically more than 1 kGy with ionizing dose, thus giving the potential for increasing the upper end of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating range by a factor of about 5–10. Moreover, feldspar IRSL is typically the only preferable dating signal either in samples that lack quartz (e.g., basic volcanic provinces, Moon, Mars, meteorites, etc.) or in samples that have insensitive quartz. Being mineral specific, there is also a significant methodological value in using IR resonance for targeting, identifying, or cleaning signals from feldspar phases in untreated polymineral samples (e.g., fine silt or clay-sized sediments, or field dating samples).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_207}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_207}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Jain, M. and Sohbati, R. and Guralnik, B. and Murray, A. S. and Kook, M. and Lapp, T. and Prasad, A. K. and Thomsen, K. J. and Buylaert, J. P.}, title = {Kinetics of infrared stimulated luminescence from feldspars}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {242-250}, abstract = {We extend the localised transition model based on randomly varying recombination distances (Jain et al., 2012) to include Arrhenius analysis and truncated nearest neighbour distributions. The model makes important predictions regarding a) the physical understanding of the linear intercepts in the Arrhenius analysis for localised recombination systems and b) the relationship between charge depletion and shape of the luminescence decay curves; these predictions are successfully tested by experimental investigations. We demonstrate that this model successfully describes the kinetic behaviour, both thermal and optical, of the infrared stimulated luminescence signal from feldspar. Based on the application of this model, it is concluded that different infra-red stimulated luminescence emissions (UV, blue, yellow and far-red) follow the same kinetics, and, therefore, involve participation of the same electron (dosimetric) trap. The differences in thermal stabilities of the different emissions results from differences in number densities of the recombination sites. The results have implications for understanding the mechanism of the far-red emission, and the spatial distributions of recombination sites in feldspar.}, keywords = {Feldspar IRSL Thermally or optically stimulated tunnelling}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000335}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Jia, Feifei and Lu, Ruijie and Gao, Shangyu and Li, Jinfeng and Liu, Xiaokang}, title = {Holocene aeolian activities in the southeastern Mu Us Desert, China}, journal = {Aeolian Research}, volume = {19, Part B}, pages = {267-274}, abstract = {Aeolian deposits from three sites in the Mu Us Desert were used to reconstruct the history of aeolian activities during the Holocene. The results of the lithologies, chronologies and proxy indicators showed that aeolian activities occurred at ∼9.96 cal ka BP, 7.9–6.9 ka BP, 6.4 ka BP and 3.8 cal ka BP∼. The cold event that occurred around 6.4 ka BP interrupted the Holocene Optimum period, which is largely consistent with the findings from sediments in adjacent regions and the monsoon areas of China. Combined with punished OSL and 14C ages of aeolian deposits samples in this region, the environmental changes in the Mu Us Desert were divided into four stages. Active sand dunes dominated before 11 ka BP. Aeolian activities occurred regionally from 11 to 8.5 ka BP and typical sandy paleosol widely developed with episodic aeolian activities between 8.5 and 4 ka BP. Dunes have reactivated and active sand dunes have gradually increased since 4 ka BP. Comparisons with the other paleoclimatic records indicated that the evolution of the Mu Us Desert was closely related to the East Asian monsoon. Paleosol development depended more on the precipitation brought by the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The stronger East Asian winter monsoon (EAMW) and higher isolation resulted in the aeolian activities in the early Holocene, while during the mid-Holocene the fluctuating EAWM played a more important role in inducing episodic aeolian activities. The environmental deterioration during the late Holocene can be related to weakened EASM or to increased anthropogenic influence.}, keywords = {Holocene Aeolian deposits Aeolian activity Mu Us Desert}, ISSN = {1875-9637}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.01.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875963715000051}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Jiang, Hanchao and Shevenell, Amelia and Yu, Song and Xu, Hongyan and Mao, Xue}, title = {Decadal- to centennial-scale East Asian summer monsoon variability during the Medieval Climate Anomaly reconstructed from an eastern Tibet lacustrine sequence}, journal = {Journal of Paleolimnology}, volume = {54}, number = {2-3}, pages = {205-222}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1573-0417}, abstract = {Instrumental data suggest changes in the intensity of the East Asian Monsoon system over the past century, possibly in response to anthropogenic climate change. To understand modern observations and explore past variations in East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) strength, we conducted grain size, geochemical, and pollen assemblage studies on a lacustrine sediment sequence from an earthquake-dammed paleolake on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The chronology, generated from eight optically stimulated luminescence and two pollen concentrate radiocarbon dates, indicates deposition of the lacustrine sequence between 600 and 1250 C.E. Fine grain sizes and low arboreal pollen percentages are associated with regional aridity (790-916, 1020-1080, 1125-1150 C.E.) and a weak EASM, whereas coarser grain sizes and higher arboreal pollen percentages are associated with increased precipitation and a stronger EASM (1090-1125, 1160-1230 C.E.). Although observed variations in our paleodata are predominantly driven by climate, the sequence is also influenced by regional tectonics, as evident from seismites, a similar to 90-year hiatus (917-1004 C.E.) during a period of regional seismicity, and an abrupt increase in regional sedimentation rates. Human disturbance is also observed to increase during weak EASM intervals. On decadal to millennial scales, our paleodata are highly correlated with reconstructions of EASM strength from northeastern China and sea surface temperature reconstructions from the tropical Pacific Ocean, indicating that the Medieval Climate Anomaly was associated with a strong EASM and prolonged La Nia-like state. Our data also suggest decadal-scale EASM variability associated with solar intensity, but an inconsistent response suggests additional complexity in EASM forcing. The inverse relationship between modern EASM weakening with anthropogenic warming, and a strong EASM during the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly, suggests that the complexity of the decadal to centennial-scale EASM response may be related to changes in the mean state of the tropical Pacific Ocean.}, ISSN = {0921-2728}, DOI = {10.1007/s10933-015-9847-1}, url = {://WOS:000361059100003}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Jin, Ming and Li, Guoqiang and Li, Fangliang and Duan, Yanwu and Wen, Lijuan and Wei, Haitao and Yang, Liping and Fan, Yuxin and Chen, Fahu}, title = {Holocene shorelines and lake evolution in Juyanze Basin, southern Mongolian Plateau, revealed by luminescence dating}, journal = {The Holocene}, volume = {25}, number = {12}, pages = {1898-1911}, abstract = {Holocene environment change in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and northwestern China is of global significance as it is one of the key dust source areas of the world. The Juyanze Basin, located in the central Gobi Desert of southern Mongolian Plateau, is one of the three terminal basins of the Heihe River that flows north from the Qilian Mountain. A series of geomorphic shorelines at different elevations around the basin indicate that large lake levels fluctuated during the past. In this study, we measured the exact elevation of shorelines in the Juyanze Basin using Digital Global Positioning System and found seven shorelines at ~37, ~36, ~34, ~30, ~28, ~24, and ~22 m above modern basin floor (a.m.b.f.). Optically stimulated luminescence dating was employed to date the deposition of beach sand and gravel sequences at these shorelines. Results indicate a paleolake developed in the basin at ~5 ka when lake levels reached ~26 m a.m.b.f.. The lake level then gradually increased to ~29 m a.m.b.f. at ~3.3 ka and reached its highest Holocene level of~37 m a.m.b.f. at ~2.7 ka. The lake environment during 1.1–0.8 ka was characterized by frequent lake-level fluctuations at ~30 m a.m.b.f. The lake disappeared from both East and West Juyanze Basin after ~0.6 ka. This sequence is out-of-phase with other regional Holocene lake records which indicate Holocene high stands occurred during the early to middle Holocene. We suggest that out-of-phase lake high stands at ~5–1 ka in the Juyanze Basin are related to geomorphological shifts of the Heihe River channels across its fan/delta, feeding the three sub-basins of the Ejina at different times. Using paleolake shorelines in this region to reconstruct the climate changes needs to be very careful.}, DOI = {10.1177/0959683615591349}, url = {http://hol.sagepub.com/content/25/12/1898.abstract}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Jin, Zheng Yao and Wu, You Jin and Fan, An Chuan and Yue, Zhan Wei and Li, Gong and Li, Sheng Hua and Yan, Li Feng}, title = {Luminescence study of the initial, pre-casting firing temperatures of clay mould and core used for bronze casting at Yinxu (13c. BC∼11c. BC)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {374-380}, abstract = {During the Anyang period in Shang dynasty (13c.BC ∼ 11c.BC), the bronze manufacture of Ancient China reached its maximum glory and splendor, as evidenced by the casting moulds and cores unearthed in the Yinxu. The pre-casting firing temperature of the moulds, one of the key technologies in the casting system, is still a controversial issue. In this article, the firing temperature of the mould and the core, unearthed at the Xiaomintun Site, Yin ruins, is estimated to be 600°C–700 °C, analyzed by luminescence techniques. This study can settle down the dispute in the results of the thermal expansion analysis.}, keywords = {Yinxu (Yin ruins) Core Mould Firing temperature TL OSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300108}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Jochems, A. P. and Pederson, J. L.}, title = {Active salt deformation and rapid, transient incision along the Colorado River near Moab, Utah}, journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research F: Earth Surface}, volume = {120}, number = {4}, pages = {730-744}, note = {Export Date: 5 June 2015}, abstract = {In certain settings, erosion is driven by and balanced with tectonic uplift, but the evolution of many landscapes is dominated by other factors such as geologic substrate, drainage history, and transient incision. The Colorado Plateau is an example where these controls are debated and where salt deformation is hypothesized to be locally active and driven by differential unloading, although this is unconfirmed and unquantified in most places. We use luminescence-dated Colorado River terraces upstream of Moab, Utah, to quantify rates of salt-driven subsidence and uplift at the local scale. Active deformation in the study area is also supported by patterns of concavity along tributary drainages crossing salt structures. Subsidence in Professor Valley at a time-averaged rate of ∼500 m/Myr (meters/million years) is superimposed upon rapid bedrock incision rates that increase from ∼600 to ∼900 m/Myr upstream through the study area. Such high rates are unexpected given the absence of sources of regional tectonic uplift here. Instead, the incision rate pattern across the greater area is consistent with a transient signal, perhaps still from ancient drainage integration through Grand Canyon far downstream, and then amplified by unloading at both the broad regional scale and at the local canyon scale. ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.}, keywords = {Colorado Plateau longitudinal profiles OSL dating salt deformation terraces transient incision}, DOI = {10.1002/2014JF003169}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929076038&partnerID=40&md5=fd12da23c7ca3c32a5f4028e4cd42850}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Jones, Anna F. and Macklin, Mark G. and Benito, Gerardo}, title = {Meta-analysis of Holocene fluvial sedimentary archives: A methodological primer}, journal = {Catena}, volume = {130}, pages = {3-12}, note = {Times Cited: 1 Si Benito, Gerardo/E-5456-2013 Benito, Gerardo/0000-0003-0724-1790 0 1 1872-6887}, abstract = {This paper describes developments in the analysis and interpretation of Holocene fluvial chronologies over the past 25 years. Particular consideration is given to meta-analysis approaches pioneered by Macklin and Lewin (2003), using radiocarbon-dated fluvial deposits in Britain, which have transformed fluvial geochronologies and correlations with climate and land-use records worldwide. During the last decade methodological developments have addressed issues such as correction for the shape of the radiocarbon calibration curve in the probability analysis of dated fluvial units and for variable alluvial unit preservation. The number of regional database analyses of fluvial sedimentary archives has also expanded significantly during the past decade, with studies now available for Africa, the Mediterranean region, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Poland, the Rhine catchment and the UK. Methods for incorporating optically stimulated luminescence ages in the probability analysis have also been developed and are illustrated using the database of Eastern Mediterranean dated fluvial deposits. There is considerable potential for meta-analysis research to inform long-term flood risk assessment, to evaluate short-term climate and land-use change impacts on flooding and river behaviour, and to test landscape evolution models. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0341-8162}, DOI = {10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.018}, url = {://WOS:000353745800002}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kalińska-Nartiša, Edyta and Thiel, Christine and Nartišs, Māris and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Murray, Andrew S.}, title = {Age and sedimentary record of inland eolian sediments in Lithuania, NE European Sand Belt}, journal = {Quaternary Research}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {82-95}, abstract = {We present a study based on four inland eolian locations in Eastern, Central and Southeastern Lithuania belonging to the northeastern part of the ‘European Sand Belt’ (ESB). Although there have been several previous studies of the ESB, this north-eastern extension has not been investigated before in any detail. The sedimentary structural–textural features are investigated and a chronology was derived using optically stimulated luminescence on both quartz and feldspar. The sedimentary structures and the rounding and surface characteristics of the quartz grains argue for a predominance of eolian transport. Additionally, some structural alternations and a significant contribution of non-eolian grains are interpreted as inherited local glacial/glaciofluvial-bearing lithologies. Three main (glaciolacustrine–) eolian phases are distinguished based on the position in the landscape and the luminescence ages: (1) An older eolian series around 15 to 16 ka, possibly correlated with the cold GS-2a event according to the GRIP stratigraphy, and (2) a younger eolian series around 14.0 ka, possibly representing the GI-1d and 1c events. The older eolian series is underlain by (3) a glaciolacustrine–eolian series for which the period of deposition remains uncertain due to the significant discrepancy between the ages based on quartz and feldspar.}, keywords = {Eolian deposits Structural features Textural features Optically stimulated luminescence dating European Sand Belt Lithuania}, ISSN = {0033-5894}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.04.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589415000320}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kang, Shugang and Wang, Xulong and Lu, Yanchou and Liu, Weiguo and Song, Yougui and Wang, Ning}, title = {A high-resolution quartz OSL chronology of the Talede loess over the past ∼30 ka and its implications for dust accumulation in the Ili Basin, Central Asia}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {181-187}, abstract = {Similar to the loess deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), a reliable chronology plays also an important role in revisiting past climate and environment changes recorded by the loess in Central Asia. Previously, a few luminescence and 14C ages, mainly covering the last glacial, were obtained for several loess sections in Central Asia, which are often controversial. Until now, there is still a lack of reliable high-resolution chronologies covering the late Pleistocene, especially the Holocene. Here, the fine-grained (4–11 μm) quartz single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating protocol is used to establish a detailed chronology of the uppermost part (∼5 m) of Talede loess in the Ili Basin Central Asia. Conventional tests of the SAR protocol and the general luminescence characteristics indicate that this protocol is suitable for dating the Talede loess. Finally, 15 closely-spaced quartz OSL ages, ranging from 0.72 ± 0.05 to 28.9 ± 2.12 ka and with no reversals, were obtained. Consistent with previous studies in the Ili Basin, two of the three 14C ages show discrepancy when compared with quartz OSL ages for the Talede loess section. The constructed OSL chronology of the Talede loess reveals that the dust accumulation is rapid during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2, especially during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and is also continuous during the Holocene, with the dust accumulation rate exhibiting a relatively low level and an increasing trend. Comparison of the dust accumulation at Talede with that at other sites in the Ili Basin indicates that the rapid dust accumulation during the LGM is not universal, and the slow dust accumulation during the Holocene is probably true for the entire Ili Basin. Comparison of different grain sized quartz OSL ages from Central Asian loess show characteristics of both consistency and inconsistency, which needs to be further investigated.}, keywords = {Central Asia Talede loess Quartz OSL Dust accumulation Holocene Last glacial maximum}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300078}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kearfott, Kimberlee J. and West, W. Geoffrey}, title = {An affordable optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter reader utilizing multiple excitation wavelengths}, journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes}, volume = {104}, pages = {87-99}, abstract = {A lower-cost optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) reader with increased flexibility for pursuing laboratory research into OSL theory and application was designed and constructed. This was achieved by using off-the-shelf optical components and higher-power light emitting diodes. The resulting reader includes more wavelengths of excitation light than current commercial readers, as well as the ability to swap out filters and other components during an experiment.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) Instrumentation Radiation dosimetry Geological dating luminescence reader equipment}, ISSN = {0969-8043}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.06.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804315300464}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Keen-Zebert, Amanda}, title = {Luminescence, Fluvial Sediments}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {3}, pages = {465-469}, abstract = {The use of luminescence techniques to determine the depositional age of sediments transported and deposited by rivers and other fluvial systems. Introduction Dating fluvial sediments with luminescence techniques has utility to a wide range of applications such as investigating fluvial processes and alluvial stratigraphy or dating fluvial sediments as proxies of climate, environmental and sea-level change, tectonic activity, and the age of archaeological sites. Thorough reviews of luminescence applications to fluvial sediments and the typical problems encountered in doing so are provided by Wallinga (2002), Jain et al. (2004), and Rittenour (2008). The earliest attempts to date fluvial sediments using luminescence were published by Murray et al. (1995). Since then, equipment and procedural advances, particularly the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) technique (Murray and Wintle, 2000) and the ability to measure single grains (see Bøtter-Jensen et al., 2000), have improved the capability to measure multiple equivalent doses (De) from smaller and single grain aliquots quickly, thereby improving the ability to detect heterogeneous bleaching and to date fluvial sediments. Heterogeneous bleaching (also referred to as partial or incomplete zeroing, or resetting) of the luminescence signals during transport is a common problem in the accurate determination of De in fluvial systems because of the attenuation of light through water and water-sediment mixtures. Fluvial sediments are particularly susceptible to type B partial bleaching (Duller, 1994), in which grains in a sample are bleached to different degrees, resulting in significant scatter in the distribution of De and a high likelihood of overestimating of the true burial age. Contributing factors include varied modes of transport, whether by suspension, saltation, or bedload; rapid erosion associated with floods; and inputs from non-bleached and older deposits such as alluvial channel banks and beds, bedrock banks and beds, and the breakdown of larger clasts into sand sized and smaller particles through mechanical wear and abrasion during transport. Although partial bleaching is likely in fluvial environments, some studies report well-bleached sediments evidenced by either strong agreement with independent age control or tightly clustered Gaussian De distributions (e.g., Murray, 1996; Kale et al., 2000; Stokes et al., 2001; Kar et al., 2001; Rittenour et al., 2003; Leigh et al., 2004; Rittenour et al., 2005). Possible explanations for well-bleached sediments in fluvial environments include transport during seasons or in systems with low turbidity and slack water or overbank deposition in environments where sediments may lay at the surface exposed to sunlight for some time after deposition before burial. In dating fluvial sediments, it is necessary to test for the presence of partial bleaching and, when present, to apply a strategy to determine the burial dose used in the final age calculation. Evidence of age overestimation owing to partial bleaching has been shown by measuring resetting rates as a function of attenuation of light in water, for example, in varied turbidity or transport distance; dating samples with independent age control; and dating modern samples (see Wallinga, 2002; Jain et al., 2004 and references therein). Analytical approaches to identifying partial bleaching include examining the scatter in De distributions, comparing the form of different components of decay curves to isolate the most sensitive and well-bleached portion of luminescence signals, and comparing different luminescence signals, for example, by comparing TL and OSL results from a single sample (see Wallinga, 2002 and references therein) or by comparing the differential bleaching rates of quartz and feldspar (Murray et al., 2012). Approaches to determining the burial age from a population of De from a sample that has experienced partial bleaching include using small aliquots or single grains to isolate and disregard the partially and/or unbleached portion of the population of De and the application a variety of statistical methods (see Wallinga, 2002; Rittenour, 2008 and references therein). While using single grain aliquots is often the preferred method to cope with partially bleached samples, the use of small aliquots is statistically viable and more efficient in many situations. The luminescence signal from individual grains is highly variable, and in multiple grain aliquots of quartz, 90–95 % of the total light emitted originates from only 5–10 % of the grains (Duller et al., 2000; Jacobs et al., 2003). In those cases, small aliquots of < 100 grains are statistically equivalent to the single grain approach and improve the efficiency of analysis (Duller, 2008). One approach is to test a small number single grains (e.g., one disk of 100 grains) to determine the percentage of grains that produce a luminescence signal and then adjust the number of grains per aliquot (i.e., the size of the aliquot) accordingly (e.g., Rodnight et al., 2006). The use of single grains or small aliquots is particularly important for young samples (< 1 ka), and Jain et al. (2004) suggest that age offsets associated with partial bleaching are sufficiently masked by the analytical uncertainty associated with older samples. Nonetheless, heterogeneous bleaching has been observed in fluvial samples >1 ka (e.g., Folz et al., 2001; Thomas et al., 2005; Brook et al., 2006; Srivastava et al., 2006; Eitel et al., 2006; Rodnight et al., 2006; Keen-Zebert et al., 2013), and disregarding the heterogeneously bleached condition can result in age overestimation greater than analytical error. Regardless of the expected age, an assessment of the degree of bleaching should be conducted taking into account the characteristics particular to each sample and site. Samples with heterogeneous bleaching tend to have De populations with a wide range (high over-dispersion). Several statistical approaches to estimating burial doses have been posed including calculating the mean of the lowest 5–10 % of population of De (Olley et al., 1998), fitting the “leading edge” of the distribution after scatter from experimental errors is removed (Lepper et al., 2000), and fitting the distribution of De to statistical models such as the minimum age model (MAM) or finite mixture model (FMM) (Gailbraith et al., 1999; Galbraith, 2005). For widely ranging, complex, multimodal distributions of De, for example, arising from fluvial sediment sources of mixed age, F-ratio filtering (a ratio of two independent estimates of the variance in a normal distribution) can be applied to discriminate between discrete populations within a distribution (Spencer et al., 2003; Spencer and Robinson, 2008). In some partially bleached sedimentary environments, ages of samples in vertical succession may overlap owing to high over-dispersion and error. In these kinds of cases, rather than define a single age for a sample, it may be advantageous to define a probability distribution of ages from the population of De using a bootstrapping approach that enables the identification of trends in sedimentation rates down-profile (Cunningham and Wallinga, 2012). The choice of statistical approach to modeling the burial dose should be made according to the characteristics of the site, considering factors that contribute to large dispersion in the population of De such as partial bleaching, uneven dosimetry, and post-depositional mixing, for example, owing to bioturbation and other soil forming processes. Though inputting a smaller number of replicates of De into statistical models may be satisfactory for Gaussian distributions, for more complex distributions, such as those exhibiting high over-dispersion, at least 50–60 acceptable replicates of De may be necessary to generate reproducible results (Rodnight, 2008; Woda and Fuchs, 2008). Current gaps in knowledge related to fluvial processes Early assumptions held that because fine grains are transported higher in the water column, they should be better bleached than coarser grains; however, studies have shown that coarser grains tend to be better bleached (Olley et al., 1998; Truelsen and Wallinga, 2003; Hu et al., 2010). Although thermal transfer may be impacted by grain size, Truelsen and Wallinga (2003) suggest that better bleaching of coarse grains is not an artifact of thermal transfer effects related to grain size. Some possible explanations for this phenomenon include (1) channel bed armoring at lower flows or during receding flood flows in which finer sediments work into pore spaces in the bed through kinematic sorting leaving a coarser layer on top of the channel bed that would be exposed to sunlight during lower base flows; (2) for rivers with flashy and/or perennial flows, which are common in dryland rivers, equal mobility of all grain sizes during floods which would result in equal exposure to sunlight; (3) overbank sand dunes being deposited on the floodplain that are well exposed to sunlight then buried in subsequent flows; (4) fine sediment being transported as flocs (larger aggregates of fine sediment) the interiors of which would not be exposed to light during transport; and (5) in basins with heterogeneous lithology, differences in the source rock of fine and course fractions may give rise to fundamental differences in luminescence behavior or characteristics. These processes do not occur in all rivers, and other fluvial processes may contribute to a relationship between grain size and bleaching, but this phenomenon remains untested and more applications of luminescence could yield insight into fundamental fluvial processes related to grain size and transport. Other issues associated with grain size and dating fluvial sediments relate to sorting, or the mixture of grain sizes within a landform or sample. Potential problems related to poor sorting (large variation of grain sizes within a feature) involve both the high potential for partial bleaching and uneven dosimetry, for example, from mixed fine, sand, gravel, and cobble sizes within a single feature such as a gravel bar. Outside of the findings of Murray et al. (1995) that floodplain deposits are better bleached than channel deposits, observations of the impact of sorting on luminescence ages are lacking. A relationship between better bleaching with greater transport distance has been observed in some studies (Stokes et al., 2001; Pietsch et al., 2008; Summa-Nelson and Rittenour, 2012). Though the phenomenon has not been thoroughly investigated in a variety of settings, possible explanations include increased sorting downstream, modification of grains during transport, and increased sensitivity owing to repeated bleaching and dosing cycles following detachment from the parent material through erosion and redeposition of sediment. More work is needed to validate these observations in other fluvial systems. Some basic understanding about fluvial processes may be discovered through the use of portable OSL readers even though they are currently limited to measuring photon counts and do not enable age determination. In particular, where multiple samples are collected across a gradient, insight on sedimentary characteristics may be discovered. For example, changes in sedimentological processes, variation in provenance, the likelihood of post-depositional mixing, and the suitability of sediments to dating with OSL can be assessed with photon counts from portable OSL readers (Muñoz-Salinas et al., 2011). Recent applications of luminescence to dating fluvial sediments that have independent age control Historical and sedimentary age controls For case studies using historical information sedimentary stratigraphy, and radiocarbon as independent age controls, only publications that postdate Rittenour’s review (2008) are presented here. On terraces on the Middle Thames with a chronology well-constrained by OSL, U/Th, and TL on artifacts, Pawley et al. (2010) found good comparison of quartz OSL with the expected 450 ka age of the site. Initial results found systematic underestimation of 10 % owing to contamination of the OSL signal by a thermally unstable medium component. The fast component was isolated by curve fitting and by early subtraction of the background, the latter of which was found to provide the best separation of the thermally unstable signal. For historical fluvial deposits on the Danube and Ebro, Fiebig et al. (2009) used 2 mm aliquots and the finite mixture model (FMM) on partially bleached sediments to find young ages (< 500 a) that were stratigraphically consistent and agreed with well-constrained chronologies from dendrochronology and archaeology at the site. In the hyperarid Negev, Porat et al. (2010) used the minimum age model on partially bleached sediments just underlying the abandoned surface of an alluvial fan and found good agreement between OSL and soil age estimates, morphostratigraphy, and well-dated lacustrine shorelines for the age of fan abandonment. Radiocarbon Because the applicable age range of luminescence overlaps that of radiocarbon, results from the two techniques are often used to validate each other. In comparing radiocarbon with OSL results and stratigraphic position in Holocene arroyo sediments in southern Utah, Summa-Nelson and Rittenour (2012) used both single grain and small aliquots of quartz to determine De distributions and the minimum age model to determine the burial dose used to calculate the age. They find good agreement within errors between OSL and radiocarbon results except for one sample that had no positive skew and low over-dispersion, and they suggest therefore that there was a problem with the dose rate estimation rather than with the determination of De. Very small aliquots (0.3 mm) were used with success by Cheetham et al. (2010b) to complete a Holocene alluvial chronology in southeastern Australia. Radiocarbon and OSL results were chronostratigraphically consistent, but for a few samples, evidence of bioturbation resulted in poor results from both techniques (Cheetham et al., 2010b). Compared to the larger aliquots used by Cheetham et al. (2010a), results from the small aliquots used by Cheetham et al. (2010b) were more accurate, but were within two standard deviations of the earlier measurements of larger aliquots. Briant and Bateman (2009) conducted a cross-comparison of paired OSL and radiocarbon samples of fluvial sediments of the Nene and Welland rivers in eastern England and reconfirmed results of an earlier study (Briant et al., 2004a; Briant et al., 2004b, 2005) that had found offsets between OSL and radiocarbon results in older samples. In the later study, dose recovery tests and the SAR protocol were used on small (2 mm) aliquots to improve the confidence in the results of the earlier study that had used large aliquots, bringing into question the possibility of partial bleaching. Reconfirming Briant et al. (2004a, b, 2005), the results show good age agreement between OSL and radiocarbon ages before 35 14C ka BP, but age underestimates by radiocarbon later (Briant and Bateman, 2009). The authors attribute the result to the contamination of older organic material with modern carbon and suggest that confidence in conventionally pretreated radiocarbon ages be limited to < 35 14C ka BP. Cosmogenic radionuclides Owen et al. (2006) and DeLong and Arnold (2007) compared OSL ages of alluvial sediments within fans to 10Be cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) exposure ages of boulders that were partially buried in alluvial fan surfaces. Both studies find good stratigraphic agreement among the methods, but acknowledge scatter in the CRN results owing to inheritance, post-depositional erosion and weathering, a limited number of CRN samples, and/or shielding. Hetzel et al. (2004) and Nissen et al. (2009) directly compared depth averaged 10Be CRN ages to OSL ages of sediments within alluvial fans and found that OSL underestimated the ages, citing feldspar contamination and abnormal quartz characteristics. However, because the signal resetting mechanisms are fundamentally different (OSL being reset by exposure to light or heat and cosmogenic depth profiles being reset by a number of processes including sediment mixing, deep surface truncation, and inheritance), direct comparison of OSL and CRN ages is somewhat questionable (Guralnik et al., 2011). To cope with this discrepancy in resetting mechanisms, Guralnik et al. (2011) fit cosmogenic and luminescence data to a model that utilizes both OSL and CRN data to provide a more nuanced platform for interpretation of alluvial terrace history than is possible with results from one technique or from directly comparing both techniques on single sample sites. Summary Luminescence techniques can be used to date fluvial sediments for a variety of applications from understanding fluvial processes and alluvial stratigraphy to dating other landscape features. The high potential for partial bleaching prior to burial is the main concern regarding the accuracy and precision of luminescence ages of fluvial sediments. However, a combination of small aliquot or single grain techniques and the use of appropriate statistical models have yielded successful age determination of fluvial sediments with luminescence. Independent age dating techniques including historical ages, radiocarbon, and CRNs has repeatedly validated luminescence ages of fluvial sediments in a wide age range environmental settings and ages from the modern to the Pleistocene. Cross-references Luminescence Dating Luminescence Dating, Dose Rates Luminescence, Geomorphological​ Processes Luminescence Dating, Single-Grain Dose Distribution Luminescence Dating, Uncertainties and Age Range Quartz Radiocarbon Dating Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_3}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Kendrick, K. J. and Matti, J. C. and Mahan, S. A.}, title = {Late Quaternary slip history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault in San Gorgonio Pass, southern California: The role of a subsidiary left-lateral fault in strand switching}, journal = {Geological Society of America Bulletin}, volume = {127}, number = {5-6}, pages = {825-849}, note = {Times Cited: 3 0 3 1943-2674}, abstract = {The fault history of the Mill Creek strand of the San Andreas fault (SAF) in the San Gorgonio Pass region, along with the reconstructed geomorphology surrounding this fault strand, reveals the important role of the left-lateral Pinto Mountain fault in the regional fault strand switching. The Mill Creek strand has 7.1-8.7 km total slip. Following this displacement, the Pinto Mountain fault offset the Mill Creek strand 1-1.25 km, as SAF slip transferred to the San Bernardino, Banning, and Garnet Hill strands. An alluvial complex within the Mission Creek watershed can be linked to palinspastic reconstruction of drainage segments to constrain slip history of the Mill Creek strand. We investigated surface remnants through detailed geologic mapping, morphometric and stratigraphic analysis, geochronology, and pedogenic analysis. The degree of soil development constrains the duration of surface stability when correlated to other regional, independently dated pedons. This correlation indicates that the oldest surfaces are significantly older than 500 ka. Luminescence dates of 106 ka and 95 ka from (respectively) 5 and 4 m beneath a younger fan surface are consistent with age estimates based on soil-profile development. Offset of the Mill Creek strand by the Pinto Mountain fault suggests a short-term slip rate of similar to 10-12.5 mm/yr for the Pinto Mountain fault, and a lower long-term slip rate. Uplift of the Yucaipa Ridge block during the period of Mill Creek strand activity is consistent with thermochronologic modeled uplift estimates.}, ISSN = {0016-7606}, DOI = {10.1130/b31101.1}, url = {://WOS:000359009600011}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kenzler, Michael and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Meng, Stefan and Thiel, Christine and Frechen, Manfred and Hüneke, Heiko}, title = {Luminescence dating of Weichselian interstadial sediments from the German Baltic Sea coast}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {251-256}, abstract = {A cliff outcrop called Kluckow, in the Baltic Sea area, with a (glacio-) fluvial to (glacio-) lacustrine succession, provides a unique opportunity to resolve uncertainties in the timing and extent of several poorly constrained Weichselian ice advances. Based on a detailed lithofacies analysis, we selected four sampling horizons for luminescence dating to determine a depositional chronology. We measured both coarse-grain quartz and potassium-rich feldspar for age determination using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and post-IR infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR). Furthermore we addressed potential problems such as incomplete bleaching and quartz saturation effects. The resulting luminescence-chronology, supported by one radiocarbon age, illustrates a depositional time interval of the investigated sequence between ∼62 and ∼22 ka. Within this sequence a mussel-bearing fluvial sand indicate interstadial climate conditions at approximately 46 ka. The upper part of the section is composed of a 4 m thick glaciolacustrine silty clay and an overlying glaciofluvial sand; the latter yielded an OSL age of ∼22 ka. Shortly after these sequences formed, the subsequent ice advance (indicated by the overlying till sheet) reached the study area. Based on our new chronology and lithofacies analysis, we conclude that the Scandinavian Ice Sheet did not reach the study area between ∼62 and ∼22 ka.}, keywords = {Southwestern Baltic Sea Weichselian Fluvial Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) MIS 3 Interstadial}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.015}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300297}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Khan, Md Sharif Hossain and Haque, Md Mahfuzul and Pati, Pitambar and Chowdhury, Khalilur Rahman and Biswas, Subrata}, title = {OSL derived uplift rate of Dakhin Nhila anticline along the southeastern coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh}, journal = {Himalayan Geology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {143-152}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {In this study the uplift rate of Dakhin Nhila anticline of the southeastern coast of Bangladesh has been investigated using OSL dating to understand the Late Quaternary uplift rate of the structure. Such studies in this region are very limited. There exists a knowledge gap in understanding the complex tectonics of this region. For the OSL dating, alluvial sediment samples were collected from the crestal portions (hilltops) tops) from both the flanks of the anticline. Uplift rates are calculated from the height and age of the samples. Due to complex influence of tectonics on the topography of the region, the uplift rates are not absolute per se, but they do provide a broad understanding of the ongoing tectonic processes. In addition, the rates are also differential in space and time. The average uplift rate, for the past 55 ka of the western flank of the anticline, proximal to the Bay of Bengal coast, is about 0.418 cm/year. In contrast, the average uplift rate for the past 42 ka of the distal eastern flank is about 0.537 cm/year. Compared to the other neighbouring structures, the uplift rates of Dakhin Nhila Anticline vary significantly, indicating the influence of complex differential tectonics over the region. The existence and age of the buried boulders in the supratidal area, about 1-2 km away from the coast, indicate that they may have been buried by a faulting event about 25 ka ago. However presently the area is in an uplifting phase.}, ISSN = {0971-8966}, url = {://WOS:000360599100006}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kijek, N. and Chruścińska, A.}, title = {Equivalent dose of quartz originating from ceramics obtained by OSL SAR method – Tests of protocol parameters}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {128-133}, abstract = {In the standard OSL dating procedure, the OSL signal is measured at 125 °C. For quartz samples from bricks the presence of traps responsible for the 160 °C and 200 °C TL peaks has an influence on the OSL process, just like the one for the traps responsible for the 110 °C TL peak. In order to examine the significance of this disturbance for dating results, a series of measurements of De was carried out for various temperatures of the OSL readout in SAR protocol. For most samples, significant fluctuations of De values were obtained, especially at temperatures above 90 °C. Also the analysis of OSL components carried out for curves obtained at different measurement temperatures shows that the TL traps active up to 200 °C make the OSL process more complex. The measurement at 125 °C does not assure the exclusion of shallow traps from the OSL process. A reasonable solution of this problem may be the choice of temperatures below the range of dominant TL peaks, in the SAR protocol for OSL measurements.}, keywords = {Optically stimulated luminescence Optical cross-section Quartz Cermics dating}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871500030X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kim, Jin Cheul and Chang, Tae Soo and Yi, Sangheon and Hong, Sei Sun and Nahm, Wook-Hyun}, title = {OSL dating of coastal sediments from the southwestern Korean Peninsula: A comparison of different size fractions of quartz}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {384}, pages = {82-90}, abstract = {The comparison of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of different grain-size fractions has given rise to conflicting results over recent years. To test the reliability and validity of OSL dating of fine- and coarse-grained fractions, 25 samples were collected from a 46-m sediment core taken from the southwestern coast of Korea, which contained two typically fine-grained tidal units separated stratigraphically by a coarse-grained sand and gravel layer. A single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) procedure was applied to chemically separated fine- (4–11 μm, n = 16) and coarse- (90–212 μm, n = 24) grained quartz. The ages of coarse-grained quartz in the upper unit were relatively consistent with those of fine-grained quartz in the same unit of Holocene age (12–0 ka). In contrast, in the lower unit the coarse quartz fraction OSL ages are 30–60% (mean 46%) lower than the fine quartz fraction ages. OSL ages for all fine-grained quartz in the lower unit (139–110 ka) were in good agreement with the last interglacial sea-level highstand [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e]. However, all OSL ages for coarse-grained quartz in this lower unit (90–45 ka) were younger, corresponding broadly to the last glacial period (MIS 4 and 3). OSL ages obtained for fine-grained quartz were in agreement with indirect age controls provided by lithological and palynological data, implying that the use of the SAR protocol to date fine-grained quartz is appropriate for age control of coastal sediments extending to the last interglacial period. The discrepancies between the ages of different grain-size fractions may have arisen from early saturation of the natural signal and, in some cases, from contamination of the feldspar signal in the coarse quartz. However, more research is required to assess the reliability of OSL ages for fine-grained quartz obtained from the high-dose linear region of the dose response curve.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL Grain size Coastal sediment MIS 5e}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214006326}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kim, Jin Cheul and Cheong, Daekyo and Shin, Seungwon and Park, Yong-Hee and Hong, Sei Sun}, title = {OSL chronology and accumulation rate of the Nakdong deltaic sediments, southeastern Korean Peninsula}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {245-250}, abstract = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was performed on Late Quaternary deltaic sequences from a 55-m-long core sampled from the Nakdong River estuary, Korea. OSL ages obtained from chemically separated fine (4–11 μm) and coarse (90–212 μm) quartz grains ranged from 29.4 ± 2.6 to 0.4 ± 0.04 ka, revealing clear consistency between the grain-size fractions. The De values from the standardized growth curve (SGC) are consistent with those from the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) procedure, which suggests that the SGC is valid for the Nakdong deltaic sediments. The 14C ages of shells and wood fragments ranged from 11 to 2.9 ka, demonstrating reasonable agreement with the OSL ages, within the error range. However, the limited number and random sampling interval of the 14C age data (10 ages) result in a simple linear and exponential trend in the depth–age curve. In contrast, OSL ages obtained by high-resolution sampling show down-section variations in the depth–age curve, indicating the occurrence of rapid changes in sedimentation rate. It is suggested that the high-sampling-resolution OSL ages provide a more realistic and detailed depth–age curve and sedimentation rate. The Nakdong deltaic sediments were divided into five units based on sedimentation rate. The lowest (unit 5) shows a break in sedimentation between the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene. The sedimentation rate increased in units 4 and 3, presumably corresponding to the early to middle Holocene sea level rise and high stand. Unit 2 shows a gradually decreasing sedimentation rate following the regression of the shoreline, until about 2 ka. The progradation of the Nakdong River delta resulted in the rapid accumulation of unit 1 during the last 2000 years.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL 14C dating Nakdong River Deltaic sediments Korean Peninsula}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000072}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kim, K. B. and Hong, D. G.}, title = {Analytical investigations of thermoluminescence glow curve on quartz for luminescence dating}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {232-236}, abstract = {Investigations of bleaching and thermoluminescence (TL) response to radiation dose of quartz are importance in luminescence dating. Although such research has been extensively carried out for various types of quartz, most work was performed on the basis of TL intensity integrated for a particular temperature range on the glow curve, without any peak separation. In this study we investigated bleaching by a blue light stimulation and radiation dose behaviour for separated TL glow peaks of quartz, which are thermally stable, by using the computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method combined with the Tm–Tstop method. The Tm–Tstop method indicates that the glow curve of quartz is the superposition of at least seven components (P1–P7) in the temperature range between room temperature and 450 °C. A bleaching experiment for four thermally stable glow peaks (P4–P7) using a blue light stimulation revealed that the bleaching rate of peak P4 exhibits three different exponential decays, whereas the peaks P5, P6 and P7 are bleached with two different exponential decays. After bleaching of 12 h, the TL intensity of peaks P4, P5, P6 and P7 were reduced to approximately 6%, 16%, 26% and 68% of the initial value, respectively. Additionally, in a study of the radiation dose response of the four thermally stable glow peaks, all peaks have a similar pattern, which are well fitted by a single saturating exponential function.}, keywords = {Quartz Bleaching Radiation dose behaviour Computerized glow curve deconvolution Tm–Tstop method}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.019}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871500027X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kim, M. J. and Lee, Y. J. and Lee, J. I. and Kim, J. L. and Hong, D. G.}, title = {Fading test using the SAAD-POSL method for retrospective accidental dosimetry of building materials}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {116}, pages = {373-376}, abstract = {Fading test using the single aliquot additive dose method with pulsed optically stimulated luminescence (SAAD-POSL method) was applied to core–disc samples extracted from heated red brick, tile, roof-tile, and toilet porcelain after X-ray and beta irradiation. From thermoluminescence measurements of each material, the optimal preheat condition of the SAAD-POSL method was first determined as 170 °C for 10 s. Fading characteristics of core–disc samples of heated red brick obtained using the SAAD-POSL method were similar to those of quartz grains (90–250 μm) obtained using the SAR-OSL method, regardless of the differences in the sample and radiation type. Fading evaluations of the core–disc samples of these building materials two weeks after irradiation showed that the equivalent dose (ED) decreased between 5% and 42%. The results indicate that the fading characteristics will be able to contribute to a more accurate estimation of the ED value using the SAAD-POSL method.}, keywords = {SAAD–POSL method Fading test Accidental dose Building material Core–disc sample}, ISSN = {0969-806X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.04.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969806X15001346}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kinnaird, Tim C. and Sanderson, David C. W. and Bigelow, Gerald F.}, title = {Feldspar SARA IRSL dating of very low dose rate aeolian sediments from Sandwick South, Unst, Shetland}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {168-174}, abstract = {Young sediments, with low sensitivity and low dose rates, are challenging for luminescence dating. Here, we present work on the site of Sandwick South, a Norse settlement, in which these challenges were present. Field gamma dose rates below 0.1 mGy a−1, and total dose rates of 0.4–0.5 mGy a−1, combined with expected ages of less than 1 ka, resulted in a requirement for quantitative determination of equivalent doses of 0.2–0.4 Gy. The bedrock geology of the area are metagabbros, which explain both the exceptionally low dose rates and the lack of autochthonous quartz. Luminescence profiling during fieldwork revealed stratigraphically progressive OSL and IRSL signals, indicating phases in the sediments with dating potential. While laboratory characterisation recovered some quartz, its low yields and luminescence sensitivity precluded application of quartz methods. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of feldspars, which were separated and used for IRSL Single Aliquot Regeneration Additive (SARA) analysis. Counting times for both high resolution gamma spectrometry (HRGS) and thick source beta counting (TSBC) measurements were extended by 1 order of magnitude, resulting in overall uncertainties of <6% for these low dose rates. Dose estimates were obtained using an adapted SARA protocol, incorporating long overnight preheats before first measurement, with the aim of mitigating short-term fading effects. Using these procedures, archaeologically meaningful dates were obtained from this difficult material, which are internally consistent, coherent with stratigraphy, and concordant with the radiocarbon constraints of the associated archaeological settlement. The dates demonstrate sand accumulation in the early to mid-13th century AD and also in the 18th century AD, which are contemporary with disruptive sand movements registered in other coastal regions of the Northeast Atlantic and North Sea regions. The approaches adopted here have provided solutions to the challenging conditions of this young, insensitive material and can therefore be considered to extend the range and applicability of luminescence dating methods.}, keywords = {Feldspar IRSL SARA Low activity Low sensitivity Young sands}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.019}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000321}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kitis, George and Kiyak, Nafiye G. and Polymeris, George S.}, title = {Temperature lags of luminescence measurements in a commercial luminescence reader}, journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, volume = {359}, pages = {60-63}, abstract = {The temperature recorded in thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence equipments is not the temperature of the sample but that of the heating element on which the thermocouple is attached. Depending upon the rate of heating, a temperature difference appears between the samples and the heating element, termed as temperature lag, which could have serious effects on the curve shapes and trapping parameters. In the present work the temperature lag effect is studied in a newly developed luminescence equipment measuring both thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence. It is found that the temperature lag could be large for heating rates above 2 K/s and it is strongly dependent upon the sample holder. A simple approximation method is proposed in order to both predict as well as correct for temperature lag effects in luminescence measurements.}, keywords = {Temperature lag TLD 100 Luminescence reader De-convolution}, ISSN = {0168-583X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.07.041}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X15006199}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kondopoulou, D. and Aidona, E. and Ioannidis, N. and Polymeris, G. S. and Tsolakis, S.}, title = {Archaeomagnetic study and thermoluminescence dating of Protobyzantine kilns (Megali Kypsa, North Greece)}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports}, volume = {2}, number = {0}, pages = {156-168}, abstract = {The large Protobyzantine settlement of Megali Kypsa was excavated at the NW part of Chalkidiki peninsula (North Greece). Among the numerous residential buildings a big ceramic complex with twelve kilns was unearthed. Nine of the kilns were preserved fairly well and the archaeological investigation suggested a large ceramic production for local use and exportation. The three best preserved kilns were sampled for an archaeomagnetic study, while numerous TL dating results in combination with archaeological information constrained the last use of the kilns from the end of the 4th to the middle of the 5th century AD. Rock magnetic analyses have been performed on pilot samples and identified magnetite as the main carrier of the natural remanent magnetisation. The samples were subjected to both alternating field and thermal demagnetisation providing reliable directions. Intensities were calculated with the Triaxe protocol and yielded a mean value of 61.2 ± 1.8 μΤ. The obtained results are compared with regional and global geomagnetic field models (SCHA.DIF.3K and ARCH.3K). Our study provides 3 new full-vector data, improving the resolution of the Greek secular variation curve for this poorly documented period.}, keywords = {Archaeomagnetism Thermoluminescence dating Protobyzantine kiln complex Greece}, ISSN = {2352-409X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.01.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X15000085}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kook, M. and Lapp, T. and Murray, A. S. and Thomsen, K. J. and Jain, M.}, title = {A luminescence imaging system for the routine measurement of single-grain OSL dose distributions}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {171-177}, abstract = {In optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and other retrospective dosimetry studies there is considerable demand for the ability to measure luminescence from individual dosimeters in the size range 50–500 μm diameter, either as separate grains or as part of a matrix. This work tests the potential of an electron multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD), providing extremely low level light detection. We characterize the performance of the device by discussing reproducibility and evaluating uncertainties in OSL signals. Finally we derive a typical single grain natural dose distribution with associated uncertainties.}, keywords = {Luminescence Imaging Single grain EMCCD Dating}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000372}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kraushaar, Sabine and Ollesch, Gregor and Siebert, Christian and Vogel, Hans-Joerg and Fuchs, Markus}, title = {Long-Term Sediment Export Estimates from Northern Jordan using Roman Cisterns as Sediment Traps}, journal = {Geoarchaeology}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {369-378}, abstract = {Roman cisterns served as rainwater storage devices for centuries and are densely distributed in parts of northern Jordan. A major earthquake hit the region ca. A.D. 750 and in a short time many settlements were abandoned. As a consequence, most cisterns were not maintained, and they filled with sediments that today provide a postabandonment depositional record. In two field surveys, we mapped the locations of more than 100 cisterns in the Wadi Al-Arab basin and selected two for detailed stratigraphic analysis that included 14C and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Catchment basin area for each cistern was determined by differential GPS. Both cisterns filled with sediments after the great earthquake and consequent abandonment of the region. Calculated sediment volumes are translated to long-term average sediment export rates of 2.6–6.6 t ha−1a−1, which are comparable to erosion and sediment yield rates from other studies within the Mediterranean region. Our pilot study suggests that this approach can be applied elsewhere to calculate long-term sediment export rates on hill slopes containing relict cisterns.}, ISSN = {1520-6548}, DOI = {10.1002/gea.21517}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.21517}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Kristensen, Jeppe Aa and Thomsen, Kristina J. and Murray, Andrew S. and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Jain, Mayank and Breuning-Madsen, Henrik}, title = {Quantification of termite bioturbation in a savannah ecosystem: Application of OSL dating}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {334-341}, abstract = {Luminescence dating is one of the most promising technique available for studying bioturbation on pedological timescales. In this study, we use multi-grain and single-grain quartz OSL to quantify termite bioturbation processes (Macrotermes natalensis) in a savannah ecosystem in Ghana. Termites transport soil from depth to the surface to construct termitaria. Over time, erosion levels these mounds and returns the sediment to the soil surface. These two processes of construction and erosion together represent an upward “conveyor belt” sediment transport process. We find that the sediment is effectively bleached during the erosion process allowing us to quantify retrospectively, for the first time, the surface deposition rate, the inverse of the upwards transport rate. At this site, this is ~0.28 mm year−1 and began about 4.000 years ago. Downward mixing through subsurface galleries may replace 10–20% of the volume ka−1 below the unit formed by reburied termite deposits.}, keywords = {Bioturbation Macrotermes natalensis Soil formation Luminescence dating}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.026}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000394}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lahaye, C. and Guérin, G. and Boëda, E. and Fontugne, M. and Hatté, C. and Frouin, M. and Clemente-Conte, I. and Pino, M. and Felice, G. D. and Guidon, N. and Lourdeau, A. and Pagli, M. and Pessis, A. M. and Da Costa, A.}, title = {New insights into a late-Pleistocene human occupation in America: The Vale da Pedra Furada complete chronological study}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {445-451}, abstract = {Within the framework of the studies focusing on the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas, our French-Brazilian team has undertaken a pluridisciplinary research on different archaeological sites, inside and in the neighborhood of the Serra da Capivara National Park, in Brazilian Nordeste. The present study regards an archaeological site, Vale da Pedra Furada, situated in the Piauí state in Brazil. The results of technological and functional studies suggest the existence of different successive human occupations during the Pleistocene in this region. Moreover, the geological and geomorphological studies shed new light on our understanding of sedimentary processes and confirm that the levels were not subject to any significant post-depositional processes. This is also confirmed by macro- and micro-analysis of quartz artefact surfaces. The chronological study has recently been completed employing both radiocarbon and luminescence techniques; radiocarbon dates were obtained on charcoal, multi-grain and single-grain OSL ages on sedimentary quartz grains. The results obtained with the different methods are consistent with each other: the most recent archaeological level is dated to around 8 ka and the oldest to 24 ka, indicating the open-air site of Vale da Pedra Furada to be a succession of human occupations beginning from OIS 2. These results are discussed in the context of some archaeological sites studied in the Serra da Capivara National Park of the last few decades.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Radiocarbon dating Vale da Pedra Furada America Pleistocene First settlements Quartz}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000588}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Lamothe, Michel}, title = {Feldspars}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {123}, pages = {284-285}, abstract = {Feldspars are the most ubiquitous minerals in the Earth’s crust. They are unique dating targets, in the fields of luminescence and K-Ar/Ar-Ar geochronology, as mineral grains in sediments and rocks. Both as grains of sediment and as grains in rocks. Feldspars are compositionally symbolized as MT 4 O 8 where M are K, Na, and Ca and T are Si and Al. End-members composition for alkali feldspars are (K, Al) Si 3 O 8 (microcline, sanidine) and (Na, Al) Si 3 O 8 (albite). Plagioclases represent a continuous solid solution with end-members composition between albite and anorthite (CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ). Feldspars are known as framework silicates, in which corner-sharing (Al, Si) O 4 tetrahedra form crankshaft-like chains, assembled along their a axis. Cross-linking generates large coordination sites occupied by the charge-compensating cations (Figure 1).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_123}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_123}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Lang, Andreas}, title = {Luminescence, Colluvial Sediments}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {4}, pages = {450-452}, abstract = {Colluvium is a sediment eroded from and transported along hillslopes by water, gravity, or human action and usually forms a wedge-shaped sediment body at the footslope. Hillslope deposits are important sedimentary archives for geomorphological, paleoenvironmental, and increasingly also archaeological research. Besides others, they are utilized for reconstructing landscape response to climate change (e.g., Hanson et al., 2004), anthropogenic-induced soil erosion (e.g., Lang, 2003), and fault activities (e.g., Fattahi et al., 2006). Various definitions for the term colluvium are in use in different scientific communities. In general, the term describes sediments that are eroded from and transported along hillslopes by running water or gravity and that usually form wedge-shaped deposits on the footslope. Typically, colluvial sediments are formed through processes on slopes that are spatially diffusive and are distinguished from alluvial sediments, which are transported across slopes in spatially confined channels to form alluvial fans and cones. The recent research focus on colluvial systems is linked to the limited transport distance within such systems and their reduced complexity that often allows cause-consequence analyses of sediment formation. Luminescence dating determines the time when sediments were formed if sufficient exposure to daylight (bleaching) immediately before burial occurred. The potential of using luminescence for dating colluvium has already been explored by Forman et al. (1991) using thermoluminescence (TL). Wintle et al. (1993) were the first to report successful infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating of colluvial sediments; later also optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) has been utilized for dating colluvium (e.g., Fuchs et al., 2004). For luminescence dating of colluvial sediments, limitations exist that are related to (i) limited bleaching due to limited exposure of sediment grains to daylight during the short and often rapid transport of slope deposits and (ii) low-luminescence sensitivity of quartz in many lithologically immature deposits:}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_4}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_4}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Lapp, T. and Kook, M. and Murray, A. S. and Thomsen, K. J. and Buylaert, J. P. and Jain, M.}, title = {A new luminescence detection and stimulation head for the Risø TL/OSL reader}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {178-184}, abstract = {A new automated Detection And Stimulation Head (DASH) has been developed for the Risø TL/OSL luminescence reader to provide easy access to new technologies, new signals and new measurement methods. The automated DASH includes a filter changer and a detector changer that makes it possible to change stimulation filters (4 × 4 filter combinations possible) and detectors (3 detectors possible) as part of a measurements sequence. The new automated DASH with dedicated driver electronics does not affect the use of other attachments, and can be retrospectively fitted to existing Risø TL/OSL readers.}, keywords = {Instrumentation Optical stimulation Spatially resolved detection}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000281}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Lauer, Tobias}, title = {Radioluminescence (RL)}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {104}, pages = {685-685}, abstract = {Infrared radiofluorescence; Infrared radioluminescence; IR-RF Definition The radioluminescence (RL) phenomenon is based on the emission of fluorescent light at a wavelength range of 865 nm occurring when potassium (K-) feldspar grains are exposed to a radioactive source (e.g., Trautmann et al., 1998; Erfurt et al., 2003). The ionization leads to electron transfers from an excited state to the ground state of the electron center (Trautmann et al., 2000), and RL is emitted while electrons are captured in free optically active traps. RL is therefore not linked to recombination centers and reflects the charge density within electron traps (Trautmann, 2000). RL is most likely related to electron transitions in Pb+ centers (Erfurt, 2003). Contrary to the luminescence signal, the RL signal decreases with irradiation time until a saturation limit is reached, and the RL signal can be increased by exposing the K-feldspars to light <500 nm ( >2.5 eV). The radioluminescence phenomenon can be used for dating applications. Infrared radioluminescence or infrared radiofluorescence (IR-RF) dating is a method which can be used to determine the depositional age of Quaternary sediments (e.g., Trautmann et al., 1999; Krbetschek et al., 2000) and therefore provides an alternative to the luminescence dating method. As IR-RF dates the last sunlight exposure of feldspar grains before burial, a sufficiently long sunlight exposure of the investigated material during transport (e.g., aeolian, fluvial) is mandatory. The saturation dose of the IR-RF is at about 1,200–1,500 Gy (Erfurt and Krbetschek, 2003), and with an IR-RF single-aliquot regenerative-dose dating protocol, it was possible to date sediments >600 ka (Wagner et al., 2010; Lauer et al., 2011). However, bleaching properties, and sensitivity changes of the IR-RF signal in between measurement cycles, have to be checked to obtain accurate age estimates (Buylaert et al., 2012). Cross-references Luminescence Dating}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_104}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_104}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Layzell, Anthony L. and Mandel, Rolfe D. and Ludvigson, Greg A. and Rittenour, Tammy M. and Smith, Jon J.}, title = {Forces driving late Pleistocene (ca. 77–12 ka) landscape evolution in the Cimarron River valley, southwestern Kansas}, journal = {Quaternary Research}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {106-117}, abstract = {This study presents stratigraphic, geomorphic, and paleoenvironmental (δ13C) data that provide insight into the late Pleistocene landscape evolution of the Cimarron River valley in the High Plains of southwestern Kansas. Two distinct valley fills (T-1 and T-2) were investigated. Three soils occur in the T-2 fill and five in the T-1 fill, all indicating periods of landscape stability or slow sedimentation. Of particular interest are two cumulic soils dating to ca. 48–28 and 13–12.5 ka. δ13C values are consistent with regional paleoenvironmental proxy data that indicate the prevalence of warm, dry conditions at these times. The Cimarron River is interpreted to have responded to these climatic changes and to local base level control. Specifically, aggradation occurred during cool, wet periods and slow sedimentation with cumulic soil formation occurred under warmer, drier climates. Significant valley incision (~ 25 m) by ca. 28 ka likely resulted from a lowering of local base level caused by deep-seated dissolution of Permian evaporite deposits.}, keywords = {Buried soils Terraces Alluvial response Base level Paleoclimate Stable isotopes Late Pleistocene MIS 3 OSL}, ISSN = {0033-5894}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.05.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589415000502}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Leonard, Sonia and Nott, Jonathan}, title = {Rapid Cycles of Episodic Adjustment: Understanding the Holocene fluvial archive of the Daintree River of Northeastern Australia}, journal = {The Holocene}, volume = {25}, number = {8}, pages = {1208-1219}, abstract = {The dramatic decline in the quality of coral reef cover of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) over recent decades has resulted in targeted research to better understand the dynamics of sedimentary sources within river systems of Northeastern Australia. European land-use practices are thought to have increased sediment yields to the GBR lagoon by 5–10 times, yet there is a poor understanding of the pre-1850 sediment dynamics. This study presents the first detailed alluvial chronology of the spatial and temporal responses of fluvial systems in the Wet Tropics of Northeastern Australia over the late Holocene. Valley fill sequences of the Daintree River, one of the least disturbed catchments draining to the GBR lagoon, are examined to investigate the significance of floodplain dynamics in sedimentary process. An optically stimulated luminescence chronology combined with a detailed sedimentary analysis suggests that floodplain stripping is a major, and hitherto unrecognised, source of sediment. Furthermore, rates of floodplain accretion are far greater than has been previously estimated from sediment modelling for wet tropical catchments. Spatial analysis of the topographical relationships between floodplain morphological units suggests that a total of 178,516 ton/ha of sediment has been stripped from three small confined floodplain reaches between 1038 ± 215 and 99 ± 10 years. Evidence suggests that these erosion events are followed by phases of rapid accretion with an average depositional rate of 3.87 ± 0.92 cm/yr between 572 ± 74 and 51 ± 12 years across the study area. The floodplain appears to be in a constant state of disequilibrium, experiencing spatially discontinuous phases of erosion and aggradation resulting in much higher volumes of sediment being redistributed within the catchment than previously considered. The unpredictable nature of these regimes and the shear volume of sediment mobilised poses significant challenges in managing sediment sources to the GBR lagoon.}, DOI = {10.1177/0959683615580860}, url = {http://hol.sagepub.com/content/25/8/1208.abstract}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Li, Guoqiang and Jin, Ming and Chen, Xuemei and Wen, Lijuan and Zhang, Jiawu and Madsen, David and Zhao, Hui and Wang, Xin and Fan, Tianlai and Duan, Yanwu and Liu, Xiaokang and Wu, Duo and Li, Fangliang and Chen, Fahu}, title = {Environmental changes in the Ulan Buh Desert, southern Inner Mongolia, China since the middle Pleistocene based on sedimentology, chronology and proxy indexes}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {128}, pages = {69-80}, abstract = {The Ulan Buh Desert (UBD), in southwestern Inner Mongolia, is one of the main dune fields and dust source areas in northern China. The formation of the desert and associated environmental changes since the middle Pleistocene are still unclear due to a lack of depositional records and environmental proxy index analyses. In this study, quartz and K-feldspar optical dating, environmental proxy indexes of grain size, loss on ignition, pollen, and ostracod analysis were employed to supplement the sediment record of a 120.5 m drill core, WL12ZK-1, from the southern UBD. In combination with previous stratigraphic records obtained from drill cores WL10ZK-1 (35 m deep) and WL10ZK-2 (32 m deep) from the northern UBD, and drill core WL12ZK-2 (80 m deep) from the northeastern UBD, these proxies indicate there has been essentially an arid environment in the UBD, with desert or steppe vegetation, since the middle Pleistocene, and that sand dunes were widely distributed in the UBD beginning at least ∼230 ka ago. The Yellow River filled a freshwater paleolake beginning ∼15 ka ago that covered both the UBD and the adjacent Hetao Plain. The paleolake lasted until ∼87 ka, and was associated with wetlands along its margins. Steppe vegetation was present in the surrounding region. An arid environment appeared again after ∼87 ka, and there is no evidence of a large stable lake in the UBD at any time thereafter. Sand dune deposition and a very arid desert environment were present throughout the last glacial period and lasted into the early Holocene. During the Holocene these arid conditions were interrupted by minor wetland intervals. Deserts in southern Inner Mongolia formed at least since the middle Pleistocene, expanded during the last glaciation and into the early Holocene and again after ∼2 ka. We suggest that a combination of tectonic activity and climate change may be responsible for desert formation and environmental changes in southern Inner Mongolia since the middle Pleistocene, with additional human influence exacerbating these conditions in the late Holocene.}, keywords = {Ulan Buh Desert China Environment change Pleistocene Drill cores}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115301086}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Li, Guoqiang and Jin, Ming and Duan, Yanwu and Madsen, David B. and Li, Fangliang and Yang, Liping and Wei, Haitao and Chen, Fahu}, title = {Quartz and K-feldspar luminescence dating of a Marine Isotope Stage 5 megalake in the Juyanze Basin, central Gobi Desert, China}, journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, volume = {440}, pages = {96-109}, abstract = {The Juyanze Basin, in the central Gobi Desert of China, contains one of three terminal lakes of the Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China. The paleoenvironmental record of the region is important since it is a significant global dust source region. In this study, a newly developed post-infrared(IR)-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) (pIRIR) dating technique, together with traditional quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, was applied to shoreline and deep water sediments obtained from a buried shoreline at ~ 927 m in the Ejina Basin, ~ 33 m above the basin floor. The reliability of K-feldspar pIRIR dating was confirmed by internal checks of a dose recovery test, an anomalous fading test, and a residual dose test. Internal checks of the quartz OSL dating, and comparison to K-feldspar pIRIR ages, indicate that the single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol was reliable for samples from the shoreline, but that quartz ages older than 60 ka may be underestimated. Our results indicate that three lacustrine sequences, separated by erosional unconformities and eolian deposition, span a period from ~ 122 to 73 ka, covering most of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. At a depth of ~ 33 m (~ 927 m elevation), the paleolake covered more than 1800 km2 in the Juyanze Basin during this period but fluctuated frequently. Whether or not this MIS 5 lake filled the entire Ejina Basin or merely overflowed the Juyanze Basin to partially fill the other Ejina sub-basins remains unknown. Regardless, the presence of such a large MIS 5 paleolake in the Ejina Basin suggests its lake history closely matches those from other closed-basin drainages originating in the Qilian Mountains. We suggest that the high stands appearing during MIS 5 in the Juyanze Basin likely were a response to moist climatic conditions during the last interglacial period.}, keywords = {Ejina Basin MIS 5 megalake Luminescence dating Central Gobi Desert Inner Mongolian Plateau}, ISSN = {0031-0182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.033}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215004691}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Li, Guoqiang and Wen, Lijuan and Xia, Dunsheng and Duan, Yanwu and Rao, Zhiguo and Madsen, David B. and Wei, Haitao and Li, Fangliang and Jia, Jia and Chen, Fahu}, title = {Quartz OSL and K-feldspar pIRIR dating of a loess/paleosol sequence from arid central Asia, Tianshan Mountains, NW China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {28}, number = {0}, pages = {40-53}, abstract = {Loess deposits surrounding the high mountainous regions of arid central Asia (ACA) play an important role in understanding environmental changes in Eurasia on orbital and sub-orbital time scales. However, problems with dating loess in ACA have limited the interpretation of climatic and environmental data, especially Holocene data. We selected a typical loess/paleosol sequence (LJW10) on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in ACA consisting of 280 cm of loess with multiple paleosols formed in the upper 170 cm of the section. We applied quartz OSL dating to coarse-grained (63–90 μm) fractions, and newly developed K-feldspar pIRIR dating protocols to both coarse-grained and medium-grained (38–63 μm) fractions of the samples from LJW10 section. Internal checks of the quartz OSL dating indicate that the single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol on large aliquots (5 mm) is appropriate for equivalent dose (De) determinations and that the quartz ages of the loess samples are likely to be reliable. Luminescence characteristics and internal checks of the pIRIR dating indicate the pIRIR signal at a 170 °C stimulation temperature with a 200 °C preheat can be used for both coarse-grained and medium-grained De determinations. Anomalous fading tests for the pIRIR 170 °C signal indicate the pIRIR signals are stable and the anomalous fading of the pIRIR 170 °C signal can be ignored. Sunlight bleaching tests of the loess indicate the residual dose for the pIRIR 170 °C signal can also be ignored as it corresponds to only ∼9 years for the medium-grained K-feldspar and ∼85 years for the coarse-grained K-feldspar. The pIRIR ages of five medium-grained and coarse-grained K-feldspar samples are consistent with coarse-grained quartz OSL ages, and both the medium-grained and coarse-grained ages increase uniformly with depth, indicating these pIRIR ages are reliable. Based on the coarse-grained quartz OSL ages, and on coarse-grained and medium-grained K-feldspar pIRIR ages, an age-depth model for the paleosol-loess sequence was established by using a Bacon age-depth model. This model suggests eolian loess deposition began by at least ∼16 ka ago and that paleosol development on these eolian loess deposits began ∼5.5 ka, continuing to the present, with periods of high effective moisture at 5.5–4.9, 4.6–4.1, and 3.4–3.1 ka. This sequence suggests overall relative aridity during the early Holocene and an increase in effective moisture beginning ∼5.5 ka during the mid-late Holocene in ACA.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL dating K-feldspar pIRIR dating Loess/paleosol Bacon age-depth model Holocene Arid central Asia}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000680}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Li, Kang and Xu, Xi-Wei and Tan, Xi-Bin and Chen, Gui-Hua and Xu, Chong and Kang, Wen-Jun}, title = {Late Quaternary deformation of the Longquan anticline in the Longmenshan thrust belt, eastern Tibet, and its tectonic implication}, journal = {Journal of Asian Earth Sciences}, volume = {112}, pages = {1-10}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1878-5786}, abstract = {The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake and 2013 Mw 6.6 Lushan earthquake are a consequence of ongoing India-Tibet collision and reflect the growth of the Longmenshan thrust belt (LSTB). Assessing seismic hazards associated with the Longquan anticline and its contribution to crustal shortening of the LSTB requires understanding of its fold structure and activity. To address this, the geometry of fluvial terraces across the anticline was surveyed and measured by real-time kinematic (RTK), and these terraces were dated by using radiocarbon with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods. Interpretation of seismic reflection profiles suggest that the Longquan anticline grows laterally through kink-band migration and a total cumulative shortening is about 1.13 km in NW-SE direction. Combining with previous studies of depth of decollement, this yields a crustal shortening rate of similar to 1.47 mm/yr in NW-SE direction and constrains the time of initiation of the Longquan anticline deformation to 1-2 Ma in the late Pliocene. Obviously, our result indicate that the Longquan anticline is active and potentially seismogenic, and that it should be incorporated into current regional seismic hazard models for the highly populated area of Sichuan basin. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {1367-9120}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.08.022}, url = {://WOS:000363347500001}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liritzis, Ioannis and Aravantinos, Vassilios and Polymeris, George S. and Zacharias, Nikolaos and Fappas, Ioannis and Agiamarniotis, George and Sfampa, Ioanna K. and Vafiadou, Asimina and Kitis, George}, title = {Witnessing prehistoric Delphi by luminescence dating}, journal = {Comptes Rendus Palevol}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {219-232}, abstract = {A new research of prehistoric Delphi (Koumoula site, Parnassus Mountain) based on the absolute dating of an archaeological ceramic assemblage and stonewalls from recent rescue excavation is presented using luminescence techniques. For the chronological estimation of the ceramic assemblage, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) protocols were employed, and the surface luminescence dating technique was applied on excavated calcitic rock samples. Dosimetry studies (field and laboratory) were practiced using a combination of a portable calibrated Geiger scintillator, alpha counting (pairs technique) set up and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), the latter also to probe information about the chemistry and firing conditions of the ceramics. The results of the study provided dates that ascribe the site to the Greek Neolithic and Early/Middle Bronze Age (∼ 2000 to 5000 years B.C.), forming an absolute chronological framework for the studied area; moreover, these first prehistoric data provide archaeological links for the parallel use of the site with the nearby Corycian Cave habitation.}, keywords = {Prehistory Delphi Luminescence dating Ceramics Stones SEM/EDSés Préhistoire Delphes Datation Luminescence Céramique Pierres MEB/SDE Grèce}, ISSN = {1631-0683}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2014.12.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068315000342}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liritzis, I. and Droseros, N.}, title = {Light emitting diodes and optically stimulated luminescence dating in archaeology: An overview}, journal = {Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {277-291}, note = {Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {Among the multiple applications of Light emitting diodes (LEDs), archaeology and earth sciences have benefited too concerning the determination of time (chronology) based on the thermoluminescene (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method of dating artifacts, material culture of archaeological and geoarchaeological significance. Blue Light emitting diodes (LED) is mostly used for stimulation and bleaching of luminescence, in lieu of green and IR LEDs. Ancient inorganic materials made of geological rocks (carving, knapping, mixing, firing) are either fired in antiquity above 450o C or sun exposed for a short time (surface luminescence dating) and thus the electron traps are completely bleached for the “zero time” clock to set up. The importance of blue LEDs in archaeology was the research product of 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics. On the occasion of blue LED invention and Nobel Prize we offer an extended overview of the development of semiconductor physics focused on LEDs (blue, green, IR) and linked to the principles of OSL dating in archaeology. © 2015 MAA Open Access. Printed in Greece. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Archaeology Blue green IR light Chronology Dopants LED Luminescence Nobel prize Semiconductors}, DOI = {10.5281/zenodo.18058}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940388262&partnerID=40&md5=fe4e77e5e538566e7bd03e7886cd385f}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liu, Chun-Ru and Yin, Gong-Ming and Han, Fei}, title = {Effects of grain size on quartz ESR dating of Ti–Li center in fluvial and lacustrine sediments}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {513-518}, abstract = {The electron spin resonance (ESR) dating method has been introduced into the Quaternary chronology for nearly 40 years and has been successfully used for dating of fluvial and lacustrine sediments. In order to evaluate the possible effect of the sediment grain size on the dating estimate, the parallel ESR dating testing was carried out on quartz grains of five different size fractions ranging from 50 to 450 μm extracted from the same fluvial and lacustrine sediment collected close to the M/B boundary at the Donggutuo section, Nihewan Basin, China. The results show that equivalent doses and associated ages vary significantly. However the beta irradiation dose rate of the grains with different sizes accounts for only about 6% of the total deviation of the dating results. At the same time, the sensitivity of quartz Ti–Li center was calculated based on the additional irradiation. It shows that the larger grains are more sensitive than the smaller ones, which can leads to higher saturate ESR intensity and less equivalent dose. The variations of the sensitivity of quartz Ti–Li center of the grains with different sizes are responsible for the primary deviation of the dating results. The results also suggest that 100–150 μm grain size fraction would be priority size for the ESR dating of quartz Ti–Li center on fluvial and lacustrine sediments.}, keywords = {Quartz ESR dating Grain size Ti–Li center Sediment}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000205}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liu, Tao and Huang, Chun Chang and Pang, Jiangli and Zha, Xiaochun and Zhou, Yali and Zhang, Yuzhu and Ji, Lin}, title = {Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoflood events recorded by slackwater deposits in the upper Hanjiang River valley, China}, journal = {Journal of Hydrology}, volume = {529, Part 2}, pages = {499-510}, abstract = {Summary Slackwater palaeoflood deposits (SWDs) were identified in a bedrock gorge in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River of central China. The Hanjiang River is the longest tributary of the Yangtze River, one of the most flood-prone rivers in China, and the main source of water for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP). Three main loess-soil profiles with late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoflood SWD bedsets were found. Palaeoflood SWDs identified interbedded in the loess–soil sequence of late Pleistocene and Holocene age within the cliff riverbanks were studied by field observations and laboratory analysis, including particle−size distribution and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. At least eight extreme flood events documented by palaeoflood SWDs occurred in the Wufeng reaches of the upper Hanjiang River. The discharge estimation associated with palaeoflood SWDs, indicates that the minimum flood peak discharges of these flood episodes range from 42,220 to 63,400 m3/s. The SWDs were OSL dated to between 12,600–12,400, 4200–4000, 3200–2800 and 1900–1700 a BP and these dates were corroborated with pottery remains retrieved from the profiles and dated by archaeological methods. These periods of increased flood magnitude coincide with contemporaneous global climatic events dated to 12,500, 4200, 3100 and 1900 a BP worldwide. These findings are of great significance in understanding the interactions between hydrological systems and climatic change in monsoonal zones.}, keywords = {Palaeoflood hydrology Slackwater deposits Hydraulic modelling Late Pleistocene and Holocene Upper Hanjiang River (China)}, ISSN = {0022-1694}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.11.075}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169414009974}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liu, Tao and Huang, Chun Chang and Pang, Jiangli and Zhou, Yali and Zhang, Yuzhu and Ji, Lin and Shang, Ruiqing}, title = {Extraordinary hydro-climatic events during 1800–1600 yr BP in the Jin–Shaan Gorges along the middle Yellow River, China}, journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, volume = {410}, pages = {143-152}, abstract = {Paleoflood slackwater deposits (SWDs) of the Holocene were found at many sites along the Jin–Shaan Gorges in the middle Yellow River basin. A set of four paleoflood SWD beds was identified at the Pingduguan (PDG) sites and studied by field observations and laboratory analysis including particle-size distribution and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Hydrological reconstruction using the HEC-RAS model shows that the paleoflood peak discharges were between 39,000 and 50,220 m3 s− 1. They are about double the largest gauged flood (24,000 m3 s− 1) that has occurred since 1976 along the Jin–Shaan Gorges. These extraordinary flood events were OSL dated to between 1800 and 1600 yr BP during which climatic deterioration and disasters were documented over the Yellow River basin. Various evidences show that severe flood and drought disasters during the episode resulted in frequent harvest failures, famines, social upheavals, and population reduction, invasions by nomads, and even the fall and replacement of the dynasties. Climate decline documented by proxy records such as tree-rings, stalagmites, ice-cores and lake sediments from over the world is in agreement with the paleoflood events identified along the Jin–Shaan Gorges. These mean that the extraordinary paleoflood events are closely related to increased climatic variability and instability. This result provides solid evidence for understanding the response of hydroclimatic system to global climate change in the semi-arid and sub-humid regions of the world.}, keywords = {Paleoflood hydrology Slackwater deposits Climatic change Holocene Yellow River China}, ISSN = {0031-0182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.039}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018214002958}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liu, Weiming and Lai, Zhongping and Hu, Kaiheng and Ge, Yonggang and Cui, Peng and Zhang, Xiaogang and Liu, Feng}, title = {Age and extent of a giant glacial-dammed lake at Yarlung Tsangpo gorge in the Tibetan Plateau}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {246}, pages = {370-376}, abstract = {Many glacier dams on major rivers at the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau had been previously determined through remote sensing and glacier terminal position calculation. It was hypothesized that such damming substantially impeded river incision into the plateau interior. Investigation on the large glacial-dammed lake at the entrance of Tsangpo gorge is critical for understanding this hypothesis. So far, the issues, such as age, lake surface elevation, and stages of this dammed lake, are still in debate. Our field survey of lacustrine deposits and loess distribution along the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River and its tributary, Nyang River, suggested that the lake surface elevation was at about 3180 m asl. The 23 quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 4 organic AMS 14C ages all fall into the Last Glacial period (~ 41–13 ka). The OSL and 14C ages are in general agreement with each other where applicable. There might be only one long damming event because the ages of lacustrine deposits from 2970 to 3100 m asl are similar, and every lacustrine section is sustained for a long time. The estimated lake surface area was 1089 km2, and the volume was ~ 170 km3, which differ from previous estimations which suggested two-stage (about early Holocene and 1.5 ka) lakes, and the largest lake surface elevation reached 3500 m.}, keywords = {Luminescence and radiocarbon dating Glacial-dammed lake Yarlung Tsangpo gorge Tibetan Plateau}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.034}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15300519}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Liu, Zhe and Zhao, Hua and Wang, Cheng-Min and Li, Sheng-Hua}, title = {Estimation of paleo-firing temperatures using luminescence signals for the volcanic lava baked layer in Datong, China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {363-368}, abstract = {Eight paleo-fired samples from the baked layer in different depths under the lava and one unfired sample were collected from Datong, China. Fine quartz grains (4–11 μm) from samples were used for probing into relationship between luminescence signals and paleo-firing temperatures. Findings from the re-firing experiments indicated that using thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity changes could estimate the paleo-firing temperatures of samples: (1) 110 °C TL sensitivity change rate against the re-firing temperature can tell whether the sample has been fired to temperatures above 500 °C or not; (2) 150 °C TL sensitivity against the re-firing temperature can indicate whether the sample has been fired to temperatures above 900 °C or not; (3) the more specific paleo-firing temperatures can be estimated by comparing the ratio of OSL and 150 °C TL sensitivities against re-firing temperatures. Results showed that the paleo-firing temperatures of the eight lava-baked samples decreased exponentially with the distance from the lava. Based on the estimated temperature profile, the temperature of the lava was estimated to be about 1100 °C.}, keywords = {Datong volcano Baked layer Temperature Luminescence Sensitivity Fine grain quartz}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300443}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lokier, Stephen W. and Bateman, Mark D. and Larkin, Nigel R. and Rye, Philip and Stewart, John R.}, title = {Late Quaternary sea-level changes of the Persian Gulf}, journal = {Quaternary Research}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {69-81}, abstract = {Late Quaternary reflooding of the Persian Gulf climaxed with the mid-Holocene highstand previously variously dated between 6 and 3.4 ka. Examination of the stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental context of a mid-Holocene whale beaching allows us to accurately constrain the timing of the transgressive, highstand and regressive phases of the mid- to late Holocene sea-level highstand in the Persian Gulf. Mid-Holocene transgression of the Gulf surpassed today's sea level by 7100–6890 cal yr BP, attaining a highstand of > 1 m above current sea level shortly after 5290–4570 cal yr BP before falling back to current levels by 1440–1170 cal yr BP. The cetacean beached into an intertidal hardground pond during the transgressive phase (5300–4960 cal yr BP) with continued transgression interring the skeleton in shallow-subtidal sediments. Subsequent relative sea-level fall produced a forced regression with consequent progradation of the coastal system. These new ages refine previously reported timings for the mid- to late Holocene sea-level highstand published for other regions. By so doing, they allow us to constrain the timing of this correlatable global eustatic event more accurately.}, keywords = {Persian Gulf Arabian Gulf Sabkha Sea level OSL Quaternary}, ISSN = {0033-5894}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.04.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589415000381}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lomax, Johanna and Mittelstraß, Dirk and Kreutzer, Sebastian and Fuchs, Markus}, title = {OSL, TL and IRSL emission spectra of sedimentary quartz and feldspar samples}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {251-256}, abstract = {This contribution presents a variety of different luminescence emission spectra from sedimentary feldspar and quartz samples under various stimulation modes. These are green stimulated quartz (OSL-) spectra, quartz TL spectra, feldspar IRSL and post-IR IRSL spectra. A focus was set at recording OSL and IRSL spectra at elevated stimulation temperatures such as routinely applied in luminescence dating. This was to test whether optical stimulation at elevated temperatures results in a shift of emission peaks. For OSL emissions of quartz, this has so far not been tested. In case of feldspar emissions, post-IR IRSL conditions, hence IRSL emissions at a low temperature, directly followed by high temperature post-IRSL emissions, are explicitly investigated. All spectra were recorded using a new system incorporated into a Lexsyg luminescence reader. Thus, this study, besides presenting new spectral data, also serves as a feasibility study for this new device. It is shown that (a) the new device is capable of automatically measuring different sorts of spectra, also at elevated temperatures, (b) known thermally and optically stimulated peak emissions of quartz and feldspar are confirmed, (c) obtained IRSL and OSL spectra indicate that there is no significant relation between peak emission and stimulation temperature.}, keywords = {Luminescence OSL TL Quartz Feldspar Emission spectra}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000542}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Long, Hao and Shen, Ji and Wang, Yong and Gao, Lei and Frechen, Manfred}, title = {High-resolution OSL dating of a late Quaternary sequence from Xingkai Lake (NE Asia): Chronological challenge of the “MIS 3a Mega-paleolake” hypothesis in China}, journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, volume = {428}, pages = {281-292}, abstract = {In this paper a combined OSL (49 samples) and 14C (14 samples) dating study was conducted on a sediment core from Xingkai Lake, NE Asia. A single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol was used to determine the equivalent dose ( D e ) of the extracted fine-grained (FG) quartz fraction; the suitability of the measurement procedure was confirmed by a set of luminescence tests (e.g., preheat plateau and dose recovery measurements). In addition, a post-IR infrared stimulated luminescence protocol at 290 °C (pIRIR290) was applied to the polymineral FG fraction of seven samples. Our results can be summarized as follows: (1) The uppermost sample was dated to ∼110 a, indicating that the OSL signal of FG quartz has been well bleached. This has been further confirmed by the consistency of OSL ages and pIRIR290 ages within <80 ka. The resulting OSL ages generally increased with depth, and the lowermost samples of core XK08 reached back to the last interglacial, although the pIRIR290 dating suggested that the quartz OSL ages likely begin to be underestimated beyond 80 ka; (2) The comparison of OSL and 14C ages suggested that the radiocarbon dating technique may significantly underestimate the age of sediments for samples older than 30 cal ka BP (corresponding to ∼25 14C ka BP), and thus it is necessary to pay attention when using such old 14C dates for paleoclimatic/archaeological interpretation; (3) This study challenges the radiocarbon-based chronology of the “MIS 3a Mega-paleolake” hypothesis, which had been reiterated for many years and extensively reported across northern and western China; and (4) The current high-resolution OSL dating record (one-age/5–10 cm) showed clear sedimentation rate changes down the core. The identified variations in the sedimentation processes at the orbital timescale may be related to regional/global climatic changes during the past 130 ka, and the high sedimentation rate during the last ∼0.4 ka has probably been caused by intensified human activities in the Xingkai Lake catchment.}, keywords = {lake sediments OSL dating 14C age underestimation MIS 3a Mega-paleolake sedimentation rate}, ISSN = {0012-821X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15004306}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {López Steinmetz, R. L. and Galli, C. I.}, title = {Hydrological change during the pleistocene-holocene transition associated with the last glacial maximum-altithermal in the eastern border of northern Puna}, journal = {Andean Geology}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {1-19}, note = {Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {The environment of the Andean Puna Plateau is mostly characterized by the dominance of evaporative processes due to aridity. Since the intermittent runoff lacks the morphodynamic competence to generate the present day landscape, authors have usually considered that the Puna landscape is a remnant feature of the Miocene arid-climate persistence. Then, a Quaternary-sensu lato-age was assigned to salars, alluvial fans and other geomorphologies. We present evidences from the endorheic depression of Guayatayoc-Salinas Grandes (GSG) located at 3,400 m a.s.l. in the eastern border of northen Puna. The basin includes a saline playa domain in the north (Guayatayoc Playa Lake) and a salt pan in the southern part (Salinas Grandes). We have identified two dissimilar processes originating the subdivision of the GSG depression. The characterization of those processes included sedimentological and geomorphological observations, as well as chronologies using luminescence and radiocarbon. Evidences reveal the development of a saline-lacustrine water body that is associated with the Last Glacial Maximum. During the Late Pleistocene and until ~13.8 cal kyr BP, lake shores were modelled in the front of distal-alluvial fans, the sedimentary aggradation was widespread, and associated with kaoliniticclay accumulation, inyoite, and the formation of peat-deposits. An environmental change towards aridity occurred after 13.8 cal kyr BP, and wetter conditions returned during the early to middle Holocene, around 9 cal kyr BP. Then, incisive river dynamics accompanied the establishment of a playa lake, with montmorillonitic-fine sediments and ulexite generation during later Holocene. The subdivision of the GSG depression onset by the two following processes: 1. the topographic decoupling, that is associated with Las Burras’s alluvial fan aggradation during Pleistocene; 2. the lacustrine regression phase at 13.8 cal kyr BP. Therefore, Guayatayoc and Salinas Grandes are saline systems functioning as a playa lake and a salt pan, respectively, since the Holocene, due to environmental constraints. © 2015, Servicio Nacional de Geologia y Mineria. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Andes Playa lake Quaternary Salar}, DOI = {10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a01}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84939243828&partnerID=40&md5=16291fb5c67e1d3ff535f502e42c1480}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lopez-Recio, M. and Silva, P. G. and Roquero, E. and Cunha, P. P. and Tapias, F. and Alcaraz-Castano, M. and Baena, J. and Cuartero, F. and Morin, J. and Torres, T. and Ortiz, J. E. and Murray, A. S. and Buylaert, J. P.}, title = {Geochronology of the Acheulean sites of Pinedo and Cien Fanegas (Tagus River valley), and implications for the fluvial evolution in the environs of Toledo (Spain)}, journal = {Estudios Geologicos-Madrid}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {e029}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1988-3250}, abstract = {This study presents the first geochronological data from several research projects focused on the chronostratigraphy of the Tagus fluvial terraces in the environs of Toledo city (Central Spain). The research is centered on Middle to Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces with palaeontological and Acheulean sites of similar Palaeolithic technology than those showed by the lithic assemblage of the Pinedo site (Maximo Martin Aguado Collection). This study includes the first IRSL and AAR datings for the fluvial levels at +25-30 m present in the Acheulean sites of Pinedo (Toledo) and Cien Fanegas (Aranjuez). The obtained ISRL dates (>280 ky and 292 +/- 17 ky) indicate that these fluvial levels and hence their associated Palaeolithic sites, were formed during the marine isotopic stages MIS 9 and MIS 8, and thus it is possible to correlate them with the Arganda II Unit of the adjacent Jarama valley. However, data from Pinedo suggest that this Acheulean site probably also correspond to the upper Arganda I Unit of the Jarama valley (MIS 11-MIS 9). Although the AAR date (226 +/- 37 ky) obtained for the Upper unit of Pinedo has to be carefully considered (due to the scarce stratigraphic data and the low dentine levels found in the Equus sp. analyzed samples), it could indicate that sedimentation of the studied terrace level reached the MIS 7, as may also occur in the Jarama valley (Valdocarros site). In the analyzed sector of the Tagus valley, continuous fluvial sedimentation was favored by the occurrence of Neogene evaporites karst-linked subsidence (upstream) and the presence of an outstanding internal baselevel represented by the bedrock incised meander of Toledo (downstream). The dating method used in this study (post-IR-IRSL) has allowed us to obtain the oldest date from fluvial sandy deposits in the Tagus fluvial basin up to the present time.}, ISSN = {0367-0449}, DOI = {10.3989/egeol.41816.340}, url = {://WOS:000356860600004}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lowe, John and Walker, Mike}, title = {Measuring Quaternary time: A 50-year perspective}, journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science}, volume = {30}, number = {2}, pages = {104-113}, abstract = {Over the last 50 years, there have been significant developments in the range and sophistication of the chronological tools now available to Quaternary scientists. Notable milestones include the introduction of new methods (e.g. optically stimulated luminescence, cosmogenic radionuclide dating, ice-layer counting, molecular ‘clocks’) and the refinement of established techniques (e.g. accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating, 14C calibration, high-precision uranium-series dating, argon–argon dating, cryptotephra analysis). Developing new techniques and methodologies for measuring Quaternary time is not an end in itself, however: it is stimulated by a parallel need, which is a deeper understanding of the mode, pattern and rates of environmental processes, and how different processes inter-connect. Here we review some of the important limitations that continue to constrain our ability to provide coherent chronologies for Quaternary environmental reconstructions at both millennial and sub-millennial timescales. We focus our discussion on two unique stratigraphic templates: first, the marine oxygen isotope sequence that spans the full Quaternary period; and, second, the Greenland ice-core record, which provides a basis for dating environmental changes through the last glacial cycle.}, keywords = {Alignment of proxy records astronomical calibration high-resolution chronologies Greenland ice-core LR04 marine isotope template dating methods}, ISSN = {1099-1417}, DOI = {10.1002/jqs.2764}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2764}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lowick, Sally E. and Buechi, Marius W. and Gaar, Dorian and Graf, Hans R. and Preusser, Frank}, title = {Luminescence dating of Middle Pleistocene proglacial deposits from northern Switzerland: methodological aspects and stratigraphical conclusions}, journal = {Boreas}, volume = {44}, number = {3}, pages = {459-482}, abstract = {Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to proglacial deposits from the Klettgau Valley in northern Switzerland, which is understood to record several phases of glaciation prior to the Last Interglacial. The aim was to provide an independent chronology for the different sedimentary units to understand better the complex depositional history of the region. This time range requires care when assessing the reliability of the luminescence protocols applied. Equivalent doses for fine- and coarse-grain quartz remained below 300 Gy, while dose response curves for both fractions continued to display growth above 500 Gy. Dose recovery tests confirmed the ability of the single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocol to recover laboratory doses of a similar size to burial doses, and isothermal decay measurements confirmed the stability of the quartz signal. Having passed rigorous testing criteria, quartz OSL ages of up to ∼200 ka were considered reliable but significantly underestimated expected ages and prompt a reconsideration of earlier interpretations of the stratigraphy for this site. Rather than representing three separate glaciations, quartz luminescence ages instead suggest that these deposits record up to four independent ice advances during Marine Isotope Stage 6. For both single grain and single aliquot feldspar dating, it was not possible to separate the conflicting influences of anomalous fading and partial bleaching. However, uncorrected feldspar central age model ages were found to be in reasonable agreement with quartz age estimates, and suggest that feldspar ages may still offer useful additional information in this region.}, ISSN = {1502-3885}, DOI = {10.1111/bor.12114}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bor.12114}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Lu, Ruijie and Jia, Feifei and Gao, Shangyu and Shang, Yuan and Li, Jinfeng and Zhao, Chao}, title = {Holocene aeolian activity and climatic change in Qinghai Lake basin, northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau}, journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, volume = {430}, number = {0}, pages = {1-10}, abstract = {Aeolian deposits in the Qinghai Lake basin on the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (NETP) were studied in order to reconstruct changes in aeolian activity related to climatic changes over the last 12.5 ka. We used 20 optically-stimulated luminescence and conventional radiocarbon dates to construct chronological frameworks for four aeolian sections. The results indicate that aeolian activity occurred episodically at 12.5 ka, 11.2 ka, ~ 9.0 ka, ~ 8.5 ka, 5.5 ka, 2.6 (2.4) ka and 1 (0.9) ka. Paleosols developed mainly during 9.5–4 ka. The field stratigraphy of the sections, together with measurements of grain size, magnetic susceptibility (MS), and total organic carbon (TOC), indicate that aeolian activity was strong during the Last Glacial period. Following the Younger Dryas (YD), Holocene interglacial conditions began to develop in the Qinghai Lake basin at ~ 12 ka. With the strengthened Asian summer monsoon (ASM) and the decrease in insolation, the climate became warm and humid. According to the record of aeolian activity, the early Holocene can be divided into two intervals, before and after ~ 9.5 ka. Aeolian activity remained strong from ~ 12 ka–9.5 ka, although the climate was more humid than that of the Last Glacial period. Between 9.5 ka and 8.5 ka the aeolian activity weakened and the climate became warm and wet, but variable. Following the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum, the climate became significantly drier at ~ 4 ka and aeolian activity strengthened again. Overall, the ASM dominated aeolian activity in the Qinghai Lake basin during the Holocene, with enhanced aeolian activity corresponding to a weakened ASM. Paleosol development exhibited a lagged response to the strengthened ASM, and therefore aeolian sand layers in the section do not always indicate a cold and dry climate.}, keywords = {Qinghai Lake basin Aeolian activity Holocene}, ISSN = {0031-0182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.044}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215001844}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @book{ author = {Lund, Anders and Shiotani, Masaru}, title = {Applications of EPR in Radiation Research}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {Applications of EPR in Radiation Research is a multi-author contributed volume presented in eight themes: I. Elementary radiation processes (fundamental reaction mechanisms, low temperature radiolysis, quantum solids); II: Solid state radiation chemistry (crystalline, amorphous and heterogeneous systems); III: Biochemistry, biophysics and biology applications (radicals in biomaterials, spin trapping, free-radical-induced DNA damage); IV: Materials science (polymeric and electronic materials, materials for treatment of nuclear waste); V: Radiation metrology (EPR-dosimetry, clinical applications); VI: Geological applications; VII: Advanced techniques (pulsed and optically detected EPR, spatial distributions of radicals, radical ion pairs); VIII: Theoretical tools (density-functional calculations, spectrum simulations).   }, ISBN = {9783319092164}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09216-4?nosfx=y}, year = {2014}, type = {Edited Book} } @article{ author = {Mackay, A. and Jacobs, Z. and Steele, T.E.}, title = {Pleistocene Archaeology and Chronology of Putslaagte 8 (PL8) Rockshelter, Western Cape, South Africa}, journal = {Journal of African Archaeology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {71-98}, abstract = {We report on excavations of a small rock shelter — Putslaagte 8 (PL8) — located on the arid interior fringe of South Africa's Fynbos biome. The shelter preserves a long sequence of Holocene and late Pleistocene occupation dating back beyond 75,000 years BP. This paper presents data on the technological, faunal and chronological sequence. Occupation is markedly pulsed and includes three late Pleistocene Later Stone Age (LSA) units (macrolithic, Robberg and early LSA), as well as several distinct Middle Stone Age (MSA) components from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3–5. Pulsing may reflect the arid and possibly marginal environments in which the shelter is situated, and to that end some elements of the sequence contrast with occupational patterns towards the coast. Viewed in a regional setting PL8 suggests: 1) complementarity of resource movements between the coast and interior in terminal MIS 2; 2) distinctions in material selection, and possibly technology, between the coast and interior in earlier MIS 2; 3) an MSA lasting to at least 40,000 years before present; 4) a weak Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort in the interior; 5) possibly distinct periods of denticulate manufacture within the MIS 5 MSA; 6) highly localised patterns of material acquisition in the earlier MSA.}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Macklin, Mark G. and Panyushkina, Irina P. and Toonen, Willem H. J. and Chang, Claudia and Tourtellotte, Perry A. and Duller, Geoff A. T. and Wang, Hong and Prins, Maarten A.}, title = {The influence of Late Pleistocene geomorphological inheritance and Holocene hydromorphic regimes on floodwater farming in the Talgar catchment, southeast Kazakhstan, Central Asia}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {129}, pages = {85-95}, abstract = {In comparison to Southwest Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the relationship between Holocene river dynamics, climate change and floodwater farming in Central Asia is significantly under researched. To address this, a multi-disciplinary research project was begun in 2011 centred on the Talgar catchment, a south-bank tributary of the Ili River, southeast Kazakhstan. Building on archaeological excavations and surveys conducted over the past 20 years, we have undertaken investigations of Holocene human adaptations to changing hydromorphic regimes in the Tien Shan piedmont region, Central Asia. Fluvial geochronologies have been reconstructed over the last 20,000 years using Optically Stimulated Luminescence and 14C dating, and are compared with human settlement histories from the Eneolithic to the medieval period. Phases of Late Pleistocene and Holocene river aggradation at c. 17,400–6420, 4130–2880 and 910–500 cal. BC and between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries were coeval with cooler and wetter neoglacial episodes. Entrenchment and floodplain soil development (c. 2880–2490 cal. BC and cal. AD 1300–1640) coincided with warmer and drier conditions. Prior to the modern period, floodwater farming in the Talgar River reached its height in the late Iron Age (400 cal. BC – cal. AD 1) with more than 70 settlement sites and 700 burial mounds. This period of agricultural expansion corresponds to a phase of reduced flooding, river stability and glacier retreat in the Tien Shan Mountains. Late Iron age agriculturists appear to have been opportunistic by exploiting a phase of moderate flows within an alluvial fan environment, which contained a series of partially entrenched distributary channels that could be easily ‘engineered’ to facilitate floodwater farming. Holocene climate change was therefore not a proximate cause for the development and demise of this relatively short-lived (c. 200 years) period of Iron Age farming. River dynamics in the Tien Shan piedmont are, however, strongly coupled with regional hydroclimatic fluctuations, and they have likely acted locally as both ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors for riparian agriculturists.}, keywords = {Central Asia Tien Shan piedmont Floodwater farming Iron age Holocene climate change Alluvial fan}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.020}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115301438}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Mahan, Shannon A. and Martin, F. W. and Taylor, Catherine}, title = {Construction ages of the Upton Stone Chamber: Preliminary findings and suggestions for future luminescence research}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {422-430}, abstract = {The Upton Chamber in Massachusetts, an earth-covered stone structure 3.4 meters (m) in diameter, with a corbelled stone dome, and a 4.3 m long entrance passageway, is studied with the aim of determining whether optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods can be used to establish the approximate construction date of the entranceway. Three samples, taken from soil behind the lowest stones in the wall of the entrance passageway, returned OSL ages between 385 and 660 years ago (or from 1625 A.D. to 1350 A.D.; using the year 2011 as the 0 year). One sample, taken below the bottom of the artifact layers in an archeological test pit in front of the chamber entrance, returned OSL ages between 650 and 880 years ago. A modern sample collected from a nearby fluvial channel returned an age between 55 and 175 years. The Upton Chamber OSL sampling results are challenging to interpret because there are mixtures in the samples of both younger and older grains that likely result from human modification, root or soil processes, animal bioturbation (i.e. ants and worms), and/or partial bleaching. The ages were determined using the lowest component of the finite mixture model as applied to a distribution of quartz grains. Further research may enable us to determine whether older components are of anthropomorphic or geological origin.}, keywords = {OSL dating Upton Chamber Stone chambers Old Connecticut Path New England}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300303}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Martin, Loïc and Mercier, Norbert and Incerti, Sébastien and Lefrais, Yannick and Pecheyran, Christophe and Guérin, Guillaume and Jarry, Marc and Bruxelles, Laurent and Bon, François and Pallier, Céline}, title = {Dosimetric study of sediments at the beta dose rate scale: Characterization and modelization with the DosiVox software}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {134-141}, abstract = {The effects of sediment heterogeneity on beta dose rate have been investigated by simulation with the DosiVox software. Basic sediment cases, as well as a model of a micro-stratified sediment from the Mas d'Azil cave have been modeled at a few centimeters scale. The results of the simulations have highlighted different factors having a significant impact on the beta dose rate dispersion, among which the heterogeneity of the radioactive elements, the distribution of grains in the matrix and their proportion in the sample. These factors contribute to enlarge beta dose distributions and even create complex ones, and inevitably induce errors in the dating process. These effects are discussed, as well as the potential of the simulation to calculate beta dose rates in sediment samples and the necessity of using sampling protocols adapted to sediment complexity.}, keywords = {Dating Luminescence Sediment Dosimetry Simulation Modeling}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000359}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Martini, Marco}, title = {Quartz Defects, Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Thermoluminescence}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {68}, pages = {650-656}, abstract = { Point defects in solids: Any break in the regular pattern of a crystal, due to absence of an atom (vacancy) or to an atom of the crystal in a position out of the regular lattice (interstitial) or an extra atom of different species (impurity). Luminescence: Energy emission in the form of light as a consequence of absorption of energy of various types: As an example radioluminescence occurs when a crystal emits light after absorption of ionizing radiation. As a general rule luminescence involves electrons that increase their energy level in the absorption (excitation) and return to the original level causing light emission (de-excitation). Delayed luminescence is a particular type of luminescence occurring when on average there is light emission long after the energy absorption. The most frequently reported delayed luminescence is phosphorescence, caused by transition rules that make scarcely probable the radiative recombination. Thermoluminescence (TL) is a kind of delayed luminescence in a solid. The excited electrons are “trapped” in defect sites. TL is stimulated by increasing the temperature of the emitting crystal, which causes a higher probability of “detrapping” the electrons, allowing them to recombine at luminescence centers, with light emission. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is another kind of delayed luminescence in a solid, where detrapping of electrons is caused by light stimulation in place of the heating of TL. Radiation dosimetry: The measurement of the amount of energy absorbed due to the exposition of a material to ionizing radiation. Delayed luminescences, TL and OSL, are appropriate dosimetric techniques. Electron spin resonance (ESR): Spectrometric technique which detects unpaired electrons in a material. It is also exploited as a dosimetric and dating technique.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_68}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_68}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Matmon, Ari and Hidy, Alan J. and Vainer, Shlomy and Crouvi, Onn and Fink, David and Erel, Yigal and Horwitz, Liora K. and Chazan, Michael and Team, Aster}, title = {New chronology for the southern Kalahari Group sediments with implications for sediment-cycle dynamics and early hominin occupation}, journal = {Quaternary Research}, volume = {84}, number = {1}, pages = {118-132}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1096-0287}, abstract = {Kalahari Group sediments accumulated in the Kalahari basin, which started forming during the breakup of Gondwana in the early Cretaceous. These sediments cover an extensive part of southern Africa and form a low-relief landscape. Current models assume that the Kalahari Group accumulated throughout the entire Cenozoic. However, chronology has been restricted to early-middle Cenozoic biostratigraphic correlations and to OSL dating of only the past similar to 300 ka. We present a new chronological framework that reveals a dynamic nature of sedimentation in the southern Kalahari. Cosmogenic burial ages obtained from a 55 m section of Kalahari Group sediments from the Mamatwan Mine, southern Kalahari, indicate that the majority of deposition at this location occurred rapidly at 1-1.2 Ma. This Pleistocene sequence overlies the Archaean basement, forming a significant hiatus that permits the possibility of many Phanerozoic cycles of deposition and erosion no longer preserved in the sedimentary record. Our data also establish the existence of a shallow early-middle Pleistocene water body that persisted for >450 ka prior to this rapid period of deposition. Evidence from neighboring archeological excavations in southern Africa suggests an association of high-density hominin occupation with this water body. (C) 2015 University of Washington. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0033-5894}, DOI = {10.1016/j.yqres.2015.04.009}, url = {://WOS:000358816900011}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Mauz, Barbara}, title = {Luminescence, Coastal Sediments}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {7}, pages = {446-450}, abstract = { Luminescence. Light emitted by an irradiated semiconductor during exposure to light or heat. The light intensity emitted by the semiconductor is a function of the absorbed dose. Luminescence dating technique. Dosimetric technique which determines the amount of absorbed dose in a dosimeter (semiconductor) such as quartz and feldspar and the rate of dose to which the dosimeter was exposed before the moment of sampling. Coastal sediments. Deposits in the zone near where land and sea meet. Introduction Luminescence dating technique relies on the absorption of radiation dose in siliciclastic minerals such as quartz and feldspar. When the grains of these minerals are exposed to daylight for a sufficient length of time during sediment transport and deposition, the luminescence clock of the dosimeter is reset to zero. Besides sufficient resetting, the accuracy of a luminescence age of a coastal deposit depends upon sediment composition, the nature of wetting and drying, and the degree of postdepositional geochemical alterations. In general, the coastal environment is governed by the sea level. In the past, shelf areas have experienced migrating shorelines and associated deposits are today submerged unless the rate of uplift of land is faster than the rate of sea-level change or the sea level was, at the time, higher than today. During glacial periods, the sea level was low (e.g., ~120 m b.s.l. during MIS 2) and was situated at or below the shelf edge, causing subaerial processes to dominate the modern coastal area. During interglacial periods, the sea level was high, but, with the exception of the last interglacial, rarely as high as it is today. Thus, coastal sediments deposited at times of sea-level lowstand (e.g., MIS 2) are rarely uncovered. Likewise, coastal sediments deposited at times of maximum transgression (e.g., MIS 6/5.5) can be hard to find in localities where high rate of sea-level rise exceeds the sedimentation rate at the shoreline. Given the limited dose that luminescence dosimeters can accumulate and the preservation potential of coastal deposits, luminescence ages of coastal deposits are generally <300 ka, and within this range, we should mainly find ages of times when the sea level was at its maximum height and when it was falling.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_7}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_7}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {May, J. H. and Barrett, A. and Cohen, T. J. and Jones, B. G. and Price, D. and Gliganic, L. A.}, title = {Late Quaternary evolution of a playa margin at Lake Frome, South Australia}, journal = {Journal of Arid Environments}, volume = {122}, pages = {93-108}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1095-922x}, abstract = {Playa margins are often characterised by a wide spectrum of landforms, which provide links between major lake stands, as recorded by beach ridges, and the detailed stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental information stored in lacustrine sediments. We mapped playa marginal geomorphology at Lake Frome, South Australia, documented the sedimentary characteristics, and analysed microfossil assemblages in selected sediments. Using a luminescence based approach, the sediments were summarised in four main stratigraphic units. During the later stages of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)5 fluvio-deltaic sediments were deposited (Unit 1), indicating significant runoff from the adjacent Flinders Ranges into partly freshwaterdominated lakes. No sediments were dated between similar to 70 and 25 ka, but renewed sediment delivery from the Flinders Ranges and re-deposition characterised the playa margin LGM and the early Holocene (Unit 2). The most recent phase of depositional activity is reflected by source-bordering dunes and lake marginal spit formation (Unit 3). Short-lived flooding events in the late Holocene are recorded by lake floor sediments and terminal splays (Unit 4). Our findings outline a dynamic late Quaternary playa margin, and highlight the complementary role which playa marginal landforms and sediments may play for the interpretation of runoff, sedimentary dynamics and paleoenvironments related to high regional lake levels. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0140-1963}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.06.012}, url = {://WOS:000359170000011}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {May, Jan-Hendrik and Plotzki, Anna and Rodrigues, Leonor and Preusser, Frank and Veit, Heinz}, title = {Holocene floodplain soils along the Río Mamoré, northern Bolivia, and their implications for understanding inundation and depositional patterns in seasonal wetland settings}, journal = {Sedimentary Geology}, volume = {330}, pages = {74-89}, abstract = {The Llanos de Moxos (LM) in the Bolivian Amazon basin host one of the largest seasonally inundated savannah landscapes on Earth. Very little is known of this area with regard to sedimentary dynamics, soil formation, or their relationship to longer-term climatic and hydrological variability in this setting. Here we present a detailed study of three floodplain depositional sequences building up the inundation savannah along the Mamoré River in the central LM. Pleistocene sands and silts (unit 1) are overlain by thick overbank deposits of mostly Holocene age (unit 2) on both sides of the Mamoré River, and underline the importance of extensive flooding processes for the late Quaternary sedimentary and geomorphic evolution of the LM. The fine-grained distal overbank sediments show signs of strong modification by hydromorphic processes and reflect spatial and temporal variations in flood inundation patterns. In addition, widespread dark gray to blackish soil and paleosol horizons are intercalated with the overbank sediments, but lack evidence for significant weathering. These horizons are likely the result of cumulative incorporation of organic material under conditions of particularly low sedimentation rates. Therefore, their formation should be linked to processes such as channel migration, longer-term meanderbelt evolution, avulsive drainage reorganization, changes in sediment supply or climatically induced variations in flooding type, frequency or magnitude. The common occurrence of these floodplain soils in the early to mid-Holocene may thus reflect the combined effects of hydrological, geomorphic and sedimentary changes during a drier mid-Holocene.}, keywords = {Seasonal wetlands Savannah Amazon Hydromorphic soils Floodplain Paleosol}, ISSN = {0037-0738}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.10.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073815002146}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {May, Jan-Hendrik and Preusser, Frank and Gliganic, Luke Andrew}, title = {Refining late Quaternary plunge pool chronologies in Australia's monsoonal 'Top End'}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {328-333}, abstract = {Plunge pool deposits from Australia's 'Top End' are considered as important archives of past monsoonal activity in the region. The available chronology of these deposits was so far based on thermoluminescence (TL) dating and indicated maximum flood magnitudes during the Last Glacial Maximum in contrast with more arid conditions as deduced from other archives of the region. This study revisits plunge pool deposits at Wangi Falls by applying multiple and single-grain Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz and high-resolution gamma spectrometry, supported by radiocarbon dating of organic material. The aim is to reappraise the existing chronology and investigate if the deposits are affected by partial bleaching, post-depositional mixing and/or problems related to annual dose determination. The latter seems to have a minor impact on the ages at most. Equivalent Dose (De) distributions are broad, in particular for single grains, but apparently not result from partial bleaching or post-depositional mixing. Rather, microdosimetry caused by radiation hotspots in the sediment and zircon inclusions in the quartz grains is considered problematic for these sediments. The results presented here imply that the previous TL chronology overestimated the real deposition age of the sediments.}, keywords = {OSL dating Quartz Microdosimetry Monsoon Australia}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000096}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {May, Simon Matthias and Brill, Dominik and Engel, Max and Scheffers, Anja and Pint, Anna and Opitz, Stephan and Wennrich, Volker and Squire, Peter and Kelletat, Dieter and Brückner, Helmut}, title = {Traces of historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the Ashburton Delta (north-west Australia)}, journal = {Sedimentology}, volume = {62}, number = {6}, pages = {1546-1572}, note = {Times Cited: 0 Wennrich, Volker/I-3435-2012; Brill, Dominik/O-2442-2015; Brueckner, Helmut/O-3017-2015 Wennrich, Volker/0000-0003-3617-1963; Brill, Dominik/0000-0001-8637-4641; 0 1365-3091}, abstract = {Although the north-western coast of Western Australia is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and tsunamis, little is known about the geological imprint of historic and prehistoric extreme wave events in this particular area. Despite a number of site-specific difficulties such as post-depositional changes and the preservation potential of event deposits, both tropical cyclones and tsunamis may be inferred from the geomorphology and the stratigraphy of beach ridge sequences, washover fans and coastal lagoons or marshes. A further challenge is the differentiation between tsunami and storm deposits in the geological record, particularly where modern deposits and/or historical reports on the event are not available. This study presents a high-resolution sedimentary record of washover events from the Ashburton River delta (Western Australia) spanning approximately the last 150years. A detailed characterization of event deposits is provided, and a robust chronostratigraphy for the investigated washover sequence is established based on multi-proxy sediment analyses and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Combining sedimentological, geochemical and high-resolution optically stimulated luminescence data, event layers are assigned to known historical events and tropical cyclone deposits are separated from tsunami deposits. For the first time, the 1883 Krakatoa and 1977 Sumba tsunamis are inferred from sedimentary records of the north-western part of Western Australia. It is demonstrated that optically stimulated luminescence applied in coastal sedimentary archives with favourable luminescence characteristics can provide accurate chronostratigraphies even on a decadal timescale. The results contribute to the data pool of tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits in Holocene stratigraphies; however, they also demonstrate how short-lived sediment archives may be in dynamic sedimentary environments.}, ISSN = {0037-0746}, DOI = {10.1111/sed.12192}, url = {://WOS:000362555200002}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {McGuire, Christopher and Rhodes, Edward J.}, title = {Downstream MET-IRSL single-grain distributions in the Mojave River, southern California: Testing assumptions of a virtual velocity model}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {239-244}, abstract = {We use samples from a prior study (McGuire and Rhodes, 2015) to investigate the bleaching trend of Mojave River sand in more detail. We present new single grain data which provides insight into how previously presented multiple-grain luminescence signals decrease downriver. The single grain dose distributions allow for a test of the assumption that multiple-grain equivalent dose (De) is representative of fluvial transport down the Mojave River. For samples at the Forks, Victorville and Barstow, with laboratory luminescence sample codes J0262, J0267 and J0265, respectively, inspection of the kernel density estimate (KDE)-generated probability density function supports the assumption, though is does not prove it directly. Implementing a Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test shows that the downriver samples are statistically different from each other, suggesting bleaching as the primary mechanism for changes is dose distribution downriver. Single-grain dose distributions show that the De of the Afton Canyon sample (J0260) is not representative of grain travel from source to sink, but instead likely a result of local mixing of sediment populations. This result is confirmed by visual inspection of the KDE, and quantitatively using the K–S test. As has been noted by several authors, the single-grain dose distribution in active channels of rivers may represent a worst case in terms of poor bleaching, due to mixing of older-age populations (Cunningham et al., 2014; Jain et al., 2004). This observation holds for our data set and presents an opportunity to test and develop luminescence techniques to determine provenance. In particular, future sampling in the vicinity of the Afton Canyon site has the potential to identify the entry point of a poorly-bleached population.}, keywords = {Mojave River Luminescence Geomorphology MET-pIRIR}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000175}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {McIntosh, Peter D.}, title = {Comments on the paper "Stratigraphy and geochronology of Quaternary marine terraces of Tasmania, Southeastern Australia: implications on neotectonism" by Jaeryul Shin, Geosciences Journal, 17, 429-443}, journal = {Geosciences Journal}, volume = {19}, number = {3}, pages = {575-578}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1598-7477}, abstract = {The uplift rates calculated for Tasmania by Shin (2013) are not supported by the data presented in his paper. The OSL ages obtained indicate a Last Glacial age and fluvial origin for many of the deposits analysed. OSL ages obtained on sediments at Mary Ann Bay in southern Tasmania confirm recent research indicating a Last Glacial age and aeolian deposition of the sands rather than marine (Last Interglacial) deposition. Anomalously high uplift rates for southern Tasmania, proposed by earlier researchers and Shin (2013), are discounted.}, ISSN = {1226-4806}, DOI = {10.1007/s12303-015-0029-y}, url = {://WOS:000360302700016}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Mendes, V. R. and Giannini, P. C. F. and Guedes, C. C. F. and DeWitt, R. and De Abreu Andrade, H. A.}, title = {Central santa catarina coastal dunefields chronology and their relation to relative sea level and climatic changes}, journal = {Brazilian Journal of Geology}, volume = {45}, pages = {79-95}, note = {Export Date: 17 September 2015}, abstract = {During the past decades, there have been contrarian explanations for the formation and stabilization of coastal dunefields: while many authors believe the dunes formation would be enhanced by falling sea level, others argue that a rising or stable sea level context would be favorable. For Brazilian coastal dunefields, the second hypothesis seems to be more consistent with the luminescence ages found so far; however, most of these data were obtained without using the SAR protocol. Another point of concern is the role of climate change in the aeolian system, which is still not very clear. The aim of this paper is to try to clarify these two questions. To this end, five coastal dunefields were selected in central Santa Catarina coast. The remote sensing and dating results allowed the discrimination and mapping of at least four aeolian generations. Their age distribution in relation to the global curve of relative sea level variation during the Late Pleistocene allows us to suggest that the formation of Aeolian dunefields in the coastal context is supported by stable relative sea level. However, relative sea level is not the only determinant for the formation and preservation of the aeolian coastal dunes. Evidences of climatic control indicate that the initiation of dunefields would be favored by periods of less humidity while their stabilization would occur preferably during the periods of rain intensification, connected to monsoon activity.}, keywords = {Aeolian generations Dune stabilization OSL-SAR dating}, DOI = {10.1590/2317-4889201530143}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84940379731&partnerID=40&md5=d96a9c68fff1d00a365c60167e25b6e8}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Meng, Yong-Min and Zhang, Jia-Fu and Qiu, Wei-Li and Fu, Xiao and Guo, Yu-Jie and Zhou, Li-Ping}, title = {Optical dating of the Yellow River terraces in the Mengjin area (China): First results}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {219-225}, abstract = {The chronology of the Yellow River terrace sequences is crucial for understanding its geomorphological evolution. In this study, five Yellow River terraces (T1 to T5) in the Mengjin area were identified in the field, and seven loess/paleosol samples from three terraces (T2, T4 and T5) were dated using the OSL–SAR protocol on fine–grained (4–11 μm) quartz and the multiple–elevated–temperature post–IR IRSL (MET–pIRIR) procedure for coarse–grained (63–90 μm) K–feldspar. The results show that the quartz OSL ages were underestimated despite the good performance of the SAR protocol for quartz. The preheat and stimulation temperatures play an important role in estimating De values when the MET–pIRIR procedure is applied. The pIRIR De values obtained at higher stimulation temperatures such as 250 and 290 °C for our samples are considered relatively reliable, although the higher temperature pIRIR signals saturate at relatively lower dose. We recommend that the preheat and dose recovery tests should be carried out when using the MET–pIRIR procedure. The T2, T4 and T5 terraces were estimated to be 176 ± 19, >400 and >550 ka, respectively, implying that the cut–through time of the Yellow River around the Sanmen Gorges is earlier than 550 ka.}, keywords = {Optical dating K–feldspar MET–pIRIR procedure Quartz OSL–SAR protocol Preheat temperature Stimulation temperature Yellow river terrace Mengjin area}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.006}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000552}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Meriç, Niyazi and Yüce, Ülkü Rabia and Şahiner, Eren and Damianidis, Aristis and Polymeris, George S.}, title = {Dose response and fading studies on de-proteinated tooth enamel after de-convolution using the sum of general order kinetics and a component for tunnelling recombination}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {257-261}, abstract = {The present study reports on the results of dose response and fading for the case of blue stimulated OSL signals from tooth enamel samples. These samples have been previously subjected to two different de-proteinization procedures, after applying hydrazine and sodium hydroxide. The OSL signal, when quantified based on the conventional way of OSL analysis, namely the use of the initial 5 s of the signal minus the intensity of the last 5 s as a background signal, yields bad signal to noise ratio as well as instability. The application of the de-convolution procedure including two components, one of general order kinetics and one of tunnelling recombination results to a fast OSL component with enhanced signal to noise ratio, isolating thus the fading component and yielding a linear dose response throughout the entire dose range of the present study. Finally, the physical meaningfulness of the fitting parameters for the tunnelling component, especially the dimensionless parameter representing the normalized donor–acceptor density ρ′ is also discussed.}, keywords = {OSL Tooth enamel Tunnelling De-convolution Fading Dose response}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.12.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871400331X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Miao, Xiaodong and Wang, Hong and Hanson, Paul R. and Mason, Joseph A. and Liu, Xiaodong}, title = {A new method to constrain soil development time using both OSL and radiocarbon dating}, journal = {Geoderma}, volume = {261}, pages = {93-100}, abstract = {The time over which a soil has developed since the parent materials were deposited and subaerially exposed, referred to here as soil development time, is of considerable interest to pedologists, geomorphologists, geologists, archeologist, and paleoclimatologists. Soil development time has been estimated both indirectly, based on the degree of soil development, and directly, by radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of parent material deposition, and through exposure dating using cosmogenic nuclides. Here we propose a new model for estimating the soil development time by subtracting the low molecular weight (LMW) or pyrolysis-volatile 14C age of the uppermost A horizon of a soil from the OSL age of the C horizon of the parent material [soil time = OSL age(parent C horizon) − 14C age(LMW fraction of uppermost A horizon)]. The LMW organic compound fraction represents the most mobile carbon compounds in the soil organic carbon pool, and is least resistant to physical, chemical, and biodegradation in the soil environment, potentially yielding the youngest 14C age. OSL dating of the C horizon provides an estimate of the time since deposition of unconsolidated parent material. Thus, the difference in the two ages can be used to estimate the time that has elapsed for pedogenic alteration from deposition of the parent material to the most recent additions of soil organic carbon. We applied this new approach in four scenarios: (1) in a modern soil that developed downward in loess; (2) in a buried soil developed in aggrading loess (a cumulative soil which grows upward); (3) in a buried soil formed in dune sand; and (4) in a counterexample showing that simple subtraction is not always appropriate because of changes in soil's parent materials from loess to sand. These case studies reveal that this approach constrains soil development time more reasonably than can be commonly done with either OSL or radiocarbon dating alone. The difference in 14C ages between the uppermost and lowermost sola of a soil profile almost certainly underestimates the time of soil development, and the difference in OSL ages taken from sediment units overlying and underlying a buried soil most likely overestimates it. A combination of OSL and radiocarbon dating better constrains soil development time, broadening the applications of these two dating methods beyond their use for cross-checking the accuracy of the other dating method.}, keywords = {Soil development time Optically stimulated luminescence dating Radiocarbon dating Pyrolysis–combustion Low molecular weight (LMW) organic compound}, ISSN = {0016-7061}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.07.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001670611530015X}, year = {2016}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Möller, Per and Murray, Andrew S.}, title = {Drumlinised glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments on the Småland peneplain, South Sweden – new information on the growth and decay history of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheets during MIS 3}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {122}, number = {0}, pages = {1-29}, abstract = {Dug trenches in sediment-cored drumlins on the Småland peneplain, southern Sweden, occurring intermixed with rock-cored drumlins, revealed sedimentary successions and facies suggesting that the core sediments were primarily deposited proglacially, both in glaciolacustrine settings as delta-front and more distal deeper-water sediments, and as glaciofluvial braidplain sediments. From the relationship between the drumlin sorted-sediment cores and their surficial drape by a till carapace, it is concluded that erosion was the main drumlin-forming process here, reshaping the original sediment morphology into streamlined landforms, after which a more or less thick traction till was deposited over the eroded and/or deformed ice–bed interface. Drumlin formation probably took place during the last deglaciation over the area. The drumlin-core sediments in 14 excavated trenches were dated by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL); most retrieved ages fall into two distinct groups, both within Marine Isotope Stage 3 (c. 60–30 ka). When plotted as mean OSL ages for each site, all but two sites fall either into an older age group, c. 48–56 ka (seven sites), or into a younger age group, c. 28–38 ka (five sites). These age intervals correlate well with the suggested time spans for the Ristinge and Klintholm ice advances in Denmark by ice flowing from the Baltic Basin westwards, terminating in fan-shaped patterns. These interstadial ice advances in the southwestern sector of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet give rise to enigmatic questions on the physics and mechanics of ice sheet build-up and decay, especially as palaeoenvironmental data for northern Fennoscandia suggest widespread ice-free conditions within roughly the same time fame as the recorded ice advances in the south.}, keywords = {Drumlins Glacial chronology Glacial sedimentology Fennoscandian Ice Sheet OSL dating}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.025}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115001857}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Moran, Kelli L. and Mallinson, David J. and Culver, Stephen J. and Leorri, Eduardo and Mulligan, Ryan P.}, title = {Late Holocene Evolution of Currituck Sound, North Carolina, USA: Environmental Change Driven by Sea-Level Rise, Storms, and Barrier Island Morphology}, journal = {Journal of Coastal Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {827-841}, abstract = {The Holocene evolution of Currituck Sound, North Carolina, is investigated using geological data and a hydrodynamic model to understand how this depositional basin changed in response to sea-level rise and regional climate patterns. Five depositional units (one Pleistocene and four Holocene) are defined based on geophysical surveys, lithofacies, biofacies, and geochronological data. The earliest Holocene unit (ca. 5000 cal YBP) represents a midsalinity (10–25‰) sand shoal above the transgressive ravinement surface. This unit is overlain, successively, by (1) a freshwater swamp forest deposit, (2) a relatively saline (25–35‰) back-barrier estuarine deposit associated with increased inlet activity, and (3) a mid- to low-salinity (<10‰) deposit that is typical of modern (post-1827) Currituck Sound, a back-barrier estuary with no inlets in the barrier island. Geomorphic reconstructions provided the boundary conditions input to hydrodynamically model tide and current patterns and to constrain the probable size and location of inlets. The evolution of this system depends on sea-level rise and barrier morphology, regional hydrological factors, and regional climatic conditions, which modulate storm impacts and inlet activity along the fronting barrier system. The late Holocene stratigraphy reflects climate variability also recorded in the sediments of Chesapeake Bay (to the north) and Pamlico Sound (to the south) and is consistent with an increase in tropical cyclone activity during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and subsequent decrease in tropical storm activity since ca. 500 cal YBP. Sea-level change, back-barrier estuary, hydrodynamic modeling, paleoenvironmental reconstruction}, ISSN = {0749-0208}, DOI = {10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00069.1}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00069.1}, year = {2014}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Moreno, Davinia and Falguères, Christophe and Pérez-González, Alfredo and Voinchet, Pierre and Ghaleb, Bassam and Despriée, Jackie and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Sala, Robert and Carbonell, Eudald and Bermúdez de Castro, José María and Arsuaga, Juan Luis}, title = {New radiometric dates on the lowest stratigraphical section (TD1 to TD6) of Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Spain)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {535-540}, abstract = {Ages based on independent methods, such as combined ESR-U series, luminescence, and magnetostratigraphic analyses have been obtained for the upper stratigraphical section of Gran Dolina site (TD6 to TD11 levels). However, the chronostratigraphical framework of this European Paleolithic key site remains incomplete because of its great antiquity and the lack of reliable methods. This paper provides new radiometric dates by electron spin resonance applied to optically bleached quartz grains for the whole stratigraphic sequence. The results agree with the previous chronostratigraphical framework for the upper part of the stratigraphical sequence. The ages for the Homo antecessor remains from TD6 layer range between 800 and 900 ka. The lowest layers attributed to endogenous sediments (TD1) could be contemporaneous with the Sima del Elefante TE9 human bearing layer dated to 1.2 Ma. The results suggest a human occupation of possibly more than 1 Ma at the Gran Dolina site. This study confirms moreover the potential of ESR dating method applied on quartz in karstic environment.}, keywords = {Gran Dolina Atapuerca ESR dating Bleached quartz Karstic sediments Pleistocene}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300182}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Morthekai, P. and Chauhan, P. R. and Jain, M. and Shukla, A. D. and Rajapara, H. M. and Krishnan, K. and Sant, D. A. and Patnaik, R. and Reddy, D. V. and Singhvi, A. K.}, title = {Thermally re-distributed IRSL (RD-IRSL): A new possibility of dating sediments near B/M boundary}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {154-160}, abstract = {This study attempted to probe a geologically more stable IR stimulated luminescence signal (IRSL) that explored so far. IRSL, probes the proximal pairs and, pIRSL measurements at elevated temperatures consume more distant pairs. We surmised that the residual IRSL after pIR-IRSL should arise from most distant pairs and hence should be more stable. A thermal stimulation after pIR-IRSL leads to redistribution of charges including distant pairs and this can be probed by further IRSL and pIRSL (post IR IRSL) measurements. This post IRSL following a thermal treatment is termed as redistributed IRSLs (RD IRSL and RD pIRSL) and contributes about 10% of total IRSL counts from a pristine sample. As expected RD, IRSLs are poor to be solar bleachable. Burial age of around 800 ka(with 30–40 %) using RD-IRSL and RD-pIRSL were comparable with the palaeomagnetic dating and were a factor of three higher than conventional pIR-IRSL, TRL, IR-RL and VSL ages.}, keywords = {IRSL dating Feldspar dating VSL Post IR IRSL Dhansi formation}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300315}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Moska, Piotr and Jary, Zdzisław and Adamiec, Grzegorz and Bluszcz, Andrzej}, title = {OSL chronostratigraphy of a loess-palaeosol sequence in Złota using quartz and polymineral fine grains}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {23-31}, abstract = {Loess deposits are one of the most important sources of information about palaeoclimatic changes for the whole Quaternary. In general, loess is typical for cold and dry, periglacial climate and environment. The intercalated palaeosols are indicators of warmer and more humid climate representing interstadials or interglacials. In Poland, loess and loess-like formations occur in the southern part of the country, mostly in the south Polish uplands, i.e. in the Lublin, Sandomierz, and Cracow Uplands. In addition, such deposits are found in the forelands and foothills of the Carpathians and Sudetes. Luminescence dating is one of the leading techniques to establish chronologies for loess-palaeosol sequences and has been successfully applied to different minerals and grain size fractions by several research groups. OSL chronostratigraphy over the last two decades became very popular especially for loess deposits around the world, meaning that there are hundreds of new luminescence dates associated with those deposits. Our investigation is focused on the determination of chronostratigraphy for Polish loess deposits from the last glacial cycle in SE Poland up to about 130 ka. Twenty-one samples from the loess profile in Złota (21°39′E, 50°39′N) were collected for luminescence dating and six for 14C dating. Two different fractions were investigated, the polymineral fine grains (4–11 μm) and silt-sized quartz grains (45–63 μm). In addition, analyses of the magnetic susceptibility, grain-size distribution, carbonate and organic carbon content were conducted. Although further investigations are needed, our results show the suitability of the Polish loess for OSL dating and very good agreement between obtained luminescence and 14C dating results.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Chronostratigraphy Polish loess stratigraphy}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300135}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @misc{ author = {Munyikwa, Ken}, title = {Luminescence Chronology}, publisher = {InTech}, pages = {31-71}, abstract = {Luminescence dating is a collective term for dating methods that encompass thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques. OSL is also less commonly referred to as optical dating [1], photon stimulated luminescence dating or photoluminescence dating [2]. Luminescence dating methods are based on the ability of some mineral grains to absorb and store energy from environmental ionizing radiation emanating from the immediate surroundings of the mineral grains as well as from cosmic radiation. When stimulated these minerals, generally referred to as dosimeters [3], will release the stored energy in the form of visible light; hence the term luminescence. Measuring the energy and determining the rate at which the energy accumulated allows an age representing the time that has elapsed since the energy began accumulating to be determined. Stimulation of energy release using heat is termed TL while stimulation using light is referred to as OSL. The age range of luminescence methods generally spans from a few decades to about 100,000 years, though ages exceeding several hundred thousand years have been reported in some studies [for example, 4, 5]. In addition, there are dating protocols that are currently under investigation that, if successful, could extend the range even further [6]. Thus, the method is useful for dating Late Quaternary events and, not only does it provide chronology beyond the range that can be attained using radiocarbon methods, but it offers an alternative chronometer in settings where no carbon bearing material can be found. This chapter aims to acquaint readers who are not familiar with luminescence dating methods with the basics of the techniques. It is not intended to be used as a manual but rather as an introductory primer that brings awareness about the principles behind the dating methods, their practical aspects, as well as their applications. Accordingly, the chapter comprises nine sections. Following the introduction in the first section which briefly lays out the historical development of luminescence dating, the second section examines the principles of the dating methods. This is followed by a discussion of sample stimulation mechanisms and basic © 2014 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. measurement equipment used in luminescence dating in the third section. Luminescence properties of different minerals are examined in the fourth section. In the fifth section, methods used to determine the energy stored within mineral grains (paleodose) as well as the rate at which the energy accumulates (dose rate) are explored. In the sixth section, practical aspects pertaining to sample collection and laboratory preparation for analysis are discussed after which the types of materials that can be dated using luminescence materials are examined in the seventh section. To illustrate the multifaceted character of some luminescence dating studies, the eighth section presents a case study that uses the chronology of postglacial eolian dune deposition in western Canada to constrain the timing of Late Pleistocene deglaciation in the region. The chapter concludes in the ninth section with a look at current and potential future developments in luminescence dating.}, DOI = {10.5772/58554 }, url = {http://www.intechopen.com/books/geochronology-methods-and-case-studies/luminescence-chronology}, year = {2014}, type = {Electronic Book Section} } @article{ author = {Murray, Andrew and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Thiel, Christine}, title = {A luminescence dating intercomparison based on a Danish beach-ridge sand}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {32-38}, abstract = {There is a need for large scale intercomparisons to determine the degree of coherence of luminescence dating measurements made by different laboratories. Here we describe results from a laboratory intercomparison sample based on a quartz-rich aeolian and/or coastal marine sand ridge from the Skagen peninsula, northern Jutland (Denmark). About 200 kg of sand was sampled at night from a single beach ridge. The sand was homogenised using a cement mixer and packed in ∼700 moisture and light-tight bags for distribution. The quartz luminescence characteristics are satisfactory (e.g. fast-component dominated and good dose recovery) and our own equivalent dose determinations and measurements of radionuclide concentrations for twenty of these bags demonstrate the degree of homogenisation. One natural sample and one sample of pre-processed quartz was made available on request; analysis of all the responses gives a mean dose (pre-processed quartz) of 4.58 Gy, σ = 0.40 (n = 26), to be compared to the mean dose (self-extracted quartz) of 4.52 Gy, σ = 0.55 (n = 21). The mean age is 3.99 ± 0.14 ka, σ = 0.71 (n = 22), i.e. a relative standard deviation of 18%. We present an analysis of all the important quantitative and qualitative responses we received between 2007 and 2012 and discuss the implications for our dating community and for users of luminescence ages.}, keywords = {OSL dating Intercomparison Equivalent dose Dose rate Radionuclide analysis}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000396}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Murton, Julian B. and Goslar, Tomasz and Edwards, Mary E. and Bateman, Mark D. and Danilov, Petr P. and Savvinov, Grigoriy N. and Gubin, Stanislav V. and Ghaleb, Bassam and Haile, James and Kanevskiy, Mikhail and Lozhkin, Anatoly V. and Lupachev, Alexei V. and Murton, Della K. and Shur, Yuri and Tikhonov, Alexei and Vasil'chuk, Alla C. and Vasil'chuk, Yurij K. and Wolfe, Stephen A.}, title = {Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation of Yedoma Silt (Ice Complex) Deposition as Cold-Climate Loess, Duvanny Yar, Northeast Siberia}, journal = {Permafrost and Periglacial Processes}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {208-288}, abstract = {Uncertainty about the geological processes that deposited syngenetically frozen ice-rich silt (yedoma) across hundreds of thousands of square kilometres in central and northern Siberia fundamentally limits our understanding of the Pleistocene geology and palaeoecology of western Beringia, the sedimentary processes that led to sequestration of hundreds of Pg of carbon within permafrost and whether yedoma provides a globally significant record of ice-age atmospheric conditions or just regional floodplain activity. Here, we test the hypotheses of aeolian versus waterlain deposition of yedoma silt, elucidate the palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition and develop a conceptual model of silt deposition to clarify understanding of yedoma formation in northern circumpolar regions during the Late Pleistocene. This is based on a field study in 2009 of the Russian stratotype of the ‘Yedoma Suite’, at Duvanny Yar, in the lower Kolyma River, northern Yakutia, supplemented by observations that we have collected there and at other sites in the Kolyma Lowland since the 1970s. We reconstruct a cold-climate loess region in northern Siberia that forms part of a vast Late Pleistocene permafrost zone extending from northwest Europe across northern Asia to northwest North America, and that was characterised by intense aeolian activity. Five litho- and cryostratigraphic units are identified in yedoma remnant 7E at Duvanny Yar, in ascending stratigraphic order: (1) massive silt, (2) peat, (3) stratified silt, (4) yedoma silt and (5) near-surface silt. The yedoma silt of unit 4 dominates the stratigraphy and is at least 34 m thick. It is characterised by horizontal to gently undulating subtle colour bands but typically lacks primary sedimentary stratification. Texturally, the yedoma silt has mean values of 65 ± 7 per cent silt, 15 ± 8 per cent sand and 21 ± 4 per cent clay. Particle size distributions are bi- to polymodal, with a primary mode of about 41 μm (coarse silt) and subsidiary modes are 0.3–0.7 μm (very fine clay to fine clay), 3–5 μm (coarse clay to very fine silt), 8–16 μm (fine silt) and 150–350 μm (fine sand to medium sand). Semidecomposed fine plant material is abundant and fine in-situ roots are pervasive. Syngenetic ice wedges, cryostructures and microcryostructures record syngenetic freezing of the silt. An age model for silt deposition is constructed from 47 pre-Holocene accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C ages, mostly from in-situ roots and from three optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages of quartz sand grains. The 14C ages indicate that silt deposition extends from 19 000 ± 300 cal BP to 50 000 cal BP or beyond. The OSL ages range from 21.2 ± 1.9 ka near the top of the yedoma to 48.6 ± 2.9 ka near the bottom, broadly consistent with the 14C age model. Most of the yedoma silt in unit 4 at Duvanny Yar constitutes cryopedolith (sediment that has experienced incipient pedogenesis along with syngenetic freezing). Mineralised and humified organic remains dispersed within cryopedolith indicate incipient soil formation, but distinct soil horizons are absent. Five buried palaeosols and palaeosol ‘complexes’ are identified within cryopedolith on the basis of sedimentary and geochemical properties. Magnetic susceptibility, organic content, elemental concentrations and ratios tend to deviate from average values of these parameters at five levels in unit 4. The cryopedolith-palaeosol sequence accreted incrementally upwards on a vegetated palaeo-land surface with a relief of at least several metres, preserving syngenetic ground ice in the aggrading permafrost. Pollen spectra dated to between about 17 000 and 25 000 14C BP characteristically have frequencies of 20–60 per cent tree/shrub pollen (mainly Betula and Pinus) and 20–60 per cent graminoids, predominantly Poaceae, plus forbs, whereas spectra dated to about 30 000–33 000 14C BP have lower values of woody taxa (about 10%) and are dominated by graminoids (mainly Poaceae), forbs (particularly Caryophyllaceae and Asteraceae) and elaginella rupestris. The latter are more typical of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples reported elsewhere in Siberia, and the unusually high arboreal pollen values in the LGM yedoma at Duvanny Yar are attributed to long-distance transport of pollen. Three hypotheses concerning the processes and environmental conditions of yedoma silt deposition at Duvanny Yar are tested. The alluvial-lacustrine hypothesis and the polygenetic hypothesis are both discounted on sedimentary, palaeoenvironmental, geocryological and palaeoecological grounds. The loessal hypothesis provides the only reasonable explanation to account for the bulk of the unit 4 yedoma silt at this site. Supporting the loessal interpretation are sedimentological and geocryological similarities between the Duvanny Yar loess-palaeosol sequence and cold-climate loesses in central and northern Alaska, the Klondike (Yukon), western and central Siberia and northwest Europe. Differences between loess at Duvanny Yar and that in western and central Siberia and northwest Europe include the persistence of permafrost and the abundance of ground ice and fine in-situ roots within the yedoma. Modern analogues of cold-climate loess deposition are envisaged at a local scale in cold, humid climates where local entrainment and deposition of loess are generally restricted to large alluvial valleys containing rivers that are glacially sourced or drain areas containing Late Pleistocene glacial deposits, and thus glacially ground silt. The Duvanny Yar yedoma shares sedimentological and geocryological features with yedoma interpreted as ice-rich loess or reworked loess facies at Itkillik (northern Alaska) and in the central Yakutian lowland, and with yedoma in the Laptev Sea region and the New Siberian Archipelago. It is therefore suggested that many lowland yedoma sections across Beringia are primarily of aeolian origin (or consist of reworked aeolian sediments), although other depositional processes (e.g. alluvial and colluvial) may account for some yedoma sequences in river valleys and mountains. A conceptual model of yedoma silt deposition at Duvanny Yar as cold-climate loess in Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 and MIS 2 envisages summer or autumn as the main season of loess deposition. In summer, the land surface was snow-free, unfrozen and relatively dry, making it vulnerable to deflation. Graminoids, forbs and biological soil crust communities trapped and stabilised windblown sediments. Loess accretion resulted from semicontinuous deposition of fine background particles and episodic, discrete dust storms that deposited coarse silt. Winter was characterised by deep thermal contraction cracking beneath thin and dusty snow covers, and snow and frozen ground restricted deflation and sediment trapping by dead grasses. Sources of loess at Duvanny Yar potentially include: (1) sediments and weathered bedrock on uplands to the east, south and southwest of the Kolyma Lowland; (2) alluvium deposited by rivers draining these uplands; and (3) sediments exposed in the Khallerchin tundra to the north and on the emergent continental shelf of the East Siberian Sea. Glacially sourced tributaries of the palaeo-Kolyma River contributed glacially ground silt into channel and/or floodplain deposits, and some of these were probably reworked by wind and deposited as loess in the Kolyma Lowland. The palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the sedimentary sequence at Duvanny Yar is traced from MIS 6 to the late Holocene. It includes thermokarst activity associated with alas lake development in the Kazantsevo interglacial (MIS 5e), loess accumulation, pedogenesis and syngenetic permafrost development, possibly commencing in the Zyryan glacial (70 000–55 000 cal BP) and extending through the Karginsky interstadial (55 000–25 000 cal BP) and Sartan glacial (25 000–15 000 cal BP), cessation of yedoma silt deposition during the Lateglacial, renewed thermokarst activity in the early Holocene, and permafrost aggradation in the mid to late Holocene. Beringian coastlands from northeast Yakutia through the north Al skan Coastal Plain to the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands (Canada) were characterised by extensive aeolian activity (deflation, loess, sand dunes, sand sheets, sand wedges) during MIS 2. Siberian and Canadian high-pressure cells coupled with a strengthened Aleutian low-pressure cell would have created enhanced pressure gradient-driven winds sufficient to entrain sediment on a regional scale. Summer winds are thought to have deflated sediment exposed on the East Siberian Sea shelf and deposited silt as a distal aeolian facies to the south. Additionally, stronger localised winds created by local downslope gravity flows (katabatic winds) may have entrained sediment. Local katabatic winds in summer may have transported silt generally northwards towards the Kolyma Lowland, particularly during times of extended upland glaciation in the North Anyuy Range to the east during the Zyryan (MIS 4) period, whereas winter winds carried limited amounts of silt generally southwards as a result of pressure gradient forces. The Duvanny Yar yedoma is part of a subcontinental-scale region of Late Pleistocene cold-climate loess. One end member, exemplified by the yedoma at Duvanny Yar, was loess rich in syngenetic ground ice (Beringian yedoma). The other, exemplified by loess in northwest Europe, was ice-poor and subject to complete permafrost degradation at the end of the last ice age. These end members reflect a distinction between enduring cold continuous permafrost conditions leading to stacked ice-rich transition zones and large syngenetic ice wedges in much of Beringia versus conditions oscillating between cold permafrost, warm permafrost and seasonal frost, leading to repeated permafrost thaw and small ice-wedge pseudomorphs in northwest Europe. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, keywords = {aeolian Beringia cryostructures depositional processes ice wedges Kolyma loess palaeosols permafrost pollen radiocarbon dating silt sand yedoma}, ISSN = {1099-1530}, DOI = {10.1002/ppp.1843}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1843}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nadel, D. and Bar-Oz, G. and Malkinson, D. and Spivak, P. and Langgut, D. and Porat, N. and Khechoyan, A. and Nachmias, A. and Crater-Gershtein, E. and Katinaa, A. and Bermatov-Paz, G. and Nahapetyan, S. and Gasparyan, B.}, title = {New insights into desert kites in Armenia: The fringes of the Ararat Depression}, journal = {Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {120-143}, note = {Cited By :2 Export Date: 8 December 2015}, abstract = {The Armenian kites are the northernmost known kites in south-west Asia. In contrast to those in the deserts further south, their research has only recently begun. The Armenian kites are situated at high elevations, mostly between 900 and 1500 m above mean sea level, in steppic conditions where Artemisia is at present the dominant shrub on the landscape. In our ongoing project we excavated three V-shaped kites and one enclosure kite. The two kinds are similar in construction details, but they differ in size and location: the former run down into gullies, while the latter were placed on the plateau. Six OSL ages suggest terminal Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age construction dates, while geomorphological considerations and surface artefacts suggest earlier dates. A preliminary palynological study suggests a gradual increase in grazing-resistant vegetation since the mid-Holocene, probably reflecting human impact on the natural vegetation through the herding of grazing animals. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S.}, keywords = {Architecture Armenia Desert kites OSL dates Vegetation change}, DOI = {10.1111/aae.12057}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84944739366&partnerID=40&md5=07499d459306965c410c9b2b6ad2b7e1}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nascimento, Alexandre F. and Furquim, Sheila A. C. and Graham, Robert C. and Beirigo, Raphael M. and Oliveira Junior, Jairo C. and Couto, Eduardo G. and Vidal-Torrado, Pablo}, title = {Pedogenesis in a Pleistocene fluvial system of the Northern Pantanal - Brazil}, journal = {Geoderma}, volume = {255}, pages = {58-72}, note = {Times Cited: 0 Oliveira, Jairo/A-2041-2012 Oliveira, Jairo/0000-0003-3818-0513 0 1872-6259}, abstract = {Sedimentology and hydrology seem to play a predominant role in soil formation in the Pantanal, since the fluvial systems of this wetland provided Quaternary sediments and shaped the landscape. However, pedogenic processes are active in this region mainly due to the floods that occur during the summer and fall season. The goal of this work was to study the pedogenesis in a representative transect on the Sao Lourenco fluvial fan, which has an area of about 16,000 km(2) and is one of the largest sedimentary compartments of the Northern Pantanal, West Central Brazil. A transect of 125 m was studied in the late Pleistocene sedimentary lobe of the fluvial fan, where four landform elements were identified (paleo-channel, paleo-levee, paleo-floodplain and mound) and described to show the soil horizon boundaries along the landform unit. Samples were collected from trenches, auger holes, and boreholes, and were analyzed for soil description and characterization. Soil analyses carried Out were: macro- and micromorphological, physical, chemical, mineralogical, C isotope fractionation, and OSL dating analyses. The set of evidence shows that the studied transect originated from Pleistocene sediments due to the activity of the Sao Lourenco fluvial fan. The following soil-landform element relationships developed: Quartzipsamments in the paleo-channel; Plinthaquults in the paleo-levee and paleo-floodplain and; Natrustalfs in the mound. Evidences of pedogenic processes in the transect are: a) clay eluviation and illuviation, resulting in formation of the Bt horizon in the soils at the lower part of the transect and mound; b) gleization and plinthization, mainly at the lower part of the transect, resulting in formation of mottles, reduced soil matrix, and nodules (plinthite and petroplinthite); c) bioturbation, responsible for addition of materials at the soil surface, assisting in the formation/maintenance of the mound; and d) the sodium concentration, observed in soils that have higher clay contents, which are highest in the mound has the highest levels. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {0016-7061}, DOI = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.04.025}, url = {://WOS:000356642300007}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nelson, Alan R. and Briggs, Richard W. and Dura, Tina and Engelhart, Simon E. and Gelfenbaum, Guy and Bradley, Lee-Ann and Forman, Steve L. and Vane, Christopher H. and Kelley, Katherine A.}, title = {Tsunami recurrence in the eastern Alaska-Aleutian arc: A Holocene stratigraphic record from Chirikof Island, Alaska}, journal = {Geosphere}, volume = {11}, number = {4}, pages = {1172-1203}, abstract = {Despite the role of the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust as the source of some of the largest earthquakes and tsunamis, the history of its pre–twentieth century tsunamis is largely unknown west of the rupture zone of the great (magnitude, M 9.2) 1964 earthquake. Stratigraphy in core transects at two boggy lowland sites on Chirikof Island’s southwest coast preserves tsunami deposits dating from the postglacial to the twentieth century. In a 500-m-long basin 13–15 m above sea level and 400 m from the sea, 4 of 10 sandy to silty beds in a 3–5-m-thick sequence of freshwater peat were probably deposited by tsunamis. The freshwater peat sequence beneath a gently sloping alluvial fan 2 km to the east, 5–15 m above sea level and 550 m from the sea, contains 20 sandy to silty beds deposited since 3.5 ka; at least 13 were probably deposited by tsunamis. Although most of the sandy beds have consistent thicknesses (over distances of 10–265 m), sharp lower contacts, good sorting, and/or upward fining typical of tsunami deposits, the beds contain abundant freshwater diatoms, very few brackish-water diatoms, and no marine diatoms. Apparently, tsunamis traveling inland over low dunes and boggy lowland entrained largely freshwater diatoms. Abundant fragmented diatoms, and lake species in some sandy beds not found in host peat, were probably transported by tsunamis to elevations of >10 m at the eastern site. Single-aliquot regeneration optically stimulated luminescence dating of the third youngest bed is consistent with its having been deposited by the tsunami recorded at Russian hunting outposts in 1788, and with the second youngest bed being deposited by a tsunami during an upper plate earthquake in 1880. We infer from stratigraphy, 14C-dated peat deposition rates, and unpublished analyses of the island’s history that the 1938 tsunami may locally have reached an elevation of >10 m. As this is the first record of Aleutian tsunamis extending throughout the Holocene, we cannot estimate source earthquake locations or magnitudes for most tsunami-deposited beds. We infer that no more than 3 of the 23 possible tsunamis beds at both sites were deposited following upper plate faulting or submarine landslides independent of megathrust earthquakes. If so, the Semidi segment of the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust near Chirikof Island probably sent high tsunamis southward every 180–270 yr for at least the past 3500 yr.}, DOI = {10.1130/ges01108.1}, url = {http://geosphere.gsapubs.org/content/11/4/1172.abstract}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nelson, Michelle S. and Gray, Harrison J. and Johnson, Jack A. and Rittenour, Tammy M. and Feathers, James K. and Mahan, Shannon A.}, title = {User Guide for Luminescence Sampling in Archaeological and Geological Contexts}, journal = {Advances in Archaeological Practice}, volume = {3}, number = {2}, pages = {166-177}, abstract = {Luminescence dating provides a direct age estimate of the time of last exposure of quartz or feldspar minerals to light or heat and has been successfully applied to deposits, rock surfaces, and fired materials in a number of archaeological and geological settings. Sampling strategies are diverse and can be customized depending on local circumstances, although all sediment samples need to include a light-safe sample and material for dose-rate determination. The accuracy and precision of luminescence dating results are directly related to the type and quality of the material sampled and sample collection methods in the field. Selection of target material for dating should include considerations of adequacy of resetting of the luminescence signal (optical and thermal bleaching), the ability to characterize the radioactive environment surrounding the sample (dose rate), and the lack of evidence for post-depositional mixing (bioturbation in soils and sediment). Sample strategies for collection of samples from sedimentary settings and fired materials are discussed. This paper should be used as a guide for luminescence sampling and is meant to provide essential background information on how to properly collect samples and on the types of materials suitable for luminescence dating.}, DOI = {10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.166}, url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saa/aap/2015/00000003/00000002/art00006 http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.3.2.166}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nelson, Michelle S. and Rittenour, Tammy M.}, title = {Using grain-size characteristics to model soil water content: Application to dose-rate calculation for luminescence dating}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {142-149}, abstract = {Soil moisture is an important factor for dose-rate determination in luminescence and other dating methods as soil water content impacts sediment bulk density, alters rates of chemical reactions and attenuates effective exposure to nuclear radiation from the surrounding sediments and incoming cosmic rays. Given its importance in dose-rate calculation, methods for measuring and modeling soil water content are discussed, with special focus on semi-arid environments and other situations where modern in situ values are unlikely to be representative of mean soil moisture conditions. We present an alternative method for calculating sediment water content based on grain-size characteristics using the freely available Rosetta Lite v.1.1 software. Modeled outputs include saturation, residual and other water retention curve (WRC) parameters. WRCs were generated from model outputs using the van Genuchten (1980) equation, and mean annual water state was determined using soil moisture regime maps and classifications. Dose-rate values using modeled outputs and laboratory-measured in situ and saturation water content are compared in a test case using Holocene alluvial sediments from Kanab Creek in southern Utah, USA. Best practices for how to estimate mean annual water state for different soil moisture regimes and past soil moisture content in situations where in situ values are not representative of the burial history are discussed.}, keywords = {Water content Dose-rate determination Luminescence dating Mean annual water state Soil moisture regime}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000438}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nentwig, Vanessa and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Frechen, Manfred and Bahlburg, Heinrich}, title = {Reconstructing the tsunami record in Tirúa, Central Chile beyond the historical record with quartz-based SAR-OSL}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {299-305}, abstract = {The most recent high magnitude seismic events, e.g. the Mw 8.2 Iquique earthquake (April 1st, 2014) and the Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake (February 27th, 2010) are reminders of the pronounced vulnerability of the Chilean coast to the impact of natural hazards like earthquakes and tsunamis. Therefore it is crucial to understand the complex tsunami history of Chile which can be deciphered by studying the geological record of former tsunamis in the form of tsunami deposits. At the coastal locality of Tirúa (Central Chile) six distinct, successive tsunamigenic sand layers are intercalated in fine grained floodplain sediments. We present the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) analysis of quartz from samples of this sedimentological river marsh profile of 1.5 m depth. After the assessment of the applicability of OSL to these samples, it could be noted that despite of an expected low OSL sensitivity of the quartz from the South American Cordillera, most of the sampled quartz yielded a detectable natural signal. After performance tests according to the SAR-protocol, the measurements of the different tsunami sand layers were conducted with small (2.5 mm) aliquots of quartz with the preheat temperature 180 °C. The calculation of De was provided by applying both the central age and minimum age models. All samples are heterogeneous in their De distributions due to incomplete or absent significant bleaching during transport by tsunami. The resulting ages of the tsunami sediments yield an offset of nearly 200 years for CAM ages and less than 50 years for MAM ages, consequently favouring MAM ages for true burial age determination. In some tsunami sand layers and their surrounding river marsh sediments age inversions occur. They were caused by the initial deposition of well bleached sediments derived from beach and dunes followed by older sediments redeposited from beach and intertidal environments during tsunami flow. Despite the offset and age inversion six different tsunami events were dated in the Tirúa profile. Three of these events extend the historical record to pre-Columbian time with the oldest tsunami dated to over 1500 years before present.}, keywords = {Tsunami deposits Central Chile OSL Quartz Age inversion}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.020}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300340}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Neudorf, Christina M. and Lian, Olav B. and Walker, Ian J. and Shugar, Dan H. and Eamer, Jordan B. R. and Griffin, Libby C. M.}, title = {Toward a luminescence chronology for coastal dune and beach deposits on Calvert Island, British Columbia central coast, Canada}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {275-281}, abstract = {The Quaternary geology of the central coast of British Columbia contains a rich and complex record of glacial activity, post-glacial sea level and landscape change, and early human occupation spanning the last ∼10,000 years. At present, however, this region remains a largely understudied portion of coastal North America. This study describes the luminescence characteristics of quartz and K-feldspar from coastal dune and beach sands on Calvert Island and develops a suitable optical dating protocol that will allow for a more rigorous chronology for post-glacial landscape evolution and human occupation on British Columbia's central coast. Luminescence signals from Calvert Island quartz are dim, and appear to lack the so-called “fast” component that is most desirable for optical dating. K-feldspar signals are sufficiently bright for optical dating. We test and refine a single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol for K-feldspar specific to Calvert Island samples through a series of dose recovery and preheat plateau tests. Two approaches for correcting a sample age for anomalous fading are compared and a correction for phototransfer is introduced and applied. Measured fading rates vary from sample to sample implying that, in this region, it is not sufficient to rely on two or three representative fading rates as has sometimes been done elsewhere. Refined age estimates show consistency with independent radiocarbon dating control and help identify radiocarbon-dated organic-rich sediments that have been reworked.}, keywords = {Optical dating K-feldspar Anomalous fading Phototransfer Coastal geomorphology British Columbia central coast}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.12.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101414001149}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nian, Xiaomei and Chen, Fuyou and Li, Feng and Gao, Xing}, title = {Optical dating of a Paleolithic site near the eastern coastal region of Shandong, northern China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {466-471}, abstract = {Many archaeological sites were excavated in China, but rarely in the adjacent coastal areas. An archaeological site at Huangniliang in the coastal area of Shandong Province, northern China was excavated in 2013. Abundant stone artifacts including hammers, cores, flakes, chunks, and retouched tools are found in the silty aeolian sediments. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique was employed to establish the chronological framework of the site. Medium-grained (45–63 μm) quartz was extracted from six sediment samples for dating. The equivalent doses obtained with the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol are shown to increase with depth. Three samples from the stone-tool containing layer yield OSL ages ranging from 54 ka to 59 ka, providing the earliest geochronological evidence for the presence of humans in the eastern coast of Shandong peninsula during the early period of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3.}, keywords = {Huangniliang site Coastal area Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating Paleolithic Shandong}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000229}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nijhuis, A. G. and Edmonds, D. A. and Caldwell, R. L. and Cederberg, J. A. and Slingerland, R. L. and Best, J. L. and Parsons, D. R. and Robinson, R. A. J.}, title = {Fluvio-deltaic avulsions during relative sea-level fall}, journal = {Geology}, volume = {43}, number = {8}, pages = {719-722}, note = {Times Cited: 0 Parsons, Daniel/G-9101-2011 Parsons, Daniel/0000-0002-5142-4466 0 1943-2682}, abstract = {Understanding river response to changes in relative sea level (RSL) is essential for predicting fluvial stratigraphy and source-to-sink dynamics. Recent theoretical work has suggested that rivers can remain aggradational during RSL fall, but field data are needed to verify this response and investigate sediment deposition processes. We show with field work and modeling that fluvio-deltaic systems can remain aggradational or at grade during RSL fall, leading to superelevation and continuation of delta lobe avulsions. The field site is the Goose River, Newfoundland-Labrador, Canada, which has experienced steady RSL fall of around 3-4 mm yr(-1) in the past 5 k.y. from post-glacial isostatic rebound. Elevation analysis and optically stimulated luminescence dating suggest that the Goose River avulsed and deposited three delta lobes during RSL fall. Simulation results from Delft3D software show that if the characteristic fluvial response time is longer than the duration of RSL fall, then fluvial systems remain aggradational or at grade, and continue to avulse during RSL fall due to superelevation. Intriguingly, we find that avulsions become more frequent at faster rates of RSL fall, provided the system response time remains longer than the duration of RSL fall. This work suggests that RSL fall rate may influence the architecture of falling-stage or forced regression deposits by controlling the number of deposited delta lobes.}, ISSN = {0091-7613}, DOI = {10.1130/g36788.1}, url = {://WOS:000359014600016}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nosenko, V. V. and Vorona, I. P. and Baran, N. P. and Ishchenko, S. S. and Vysotskyi, B. V. and Krakhmalnaya, T. V. and Semenov, Yu A.}, title = {Comparative EPR study CO2− radicals in modern and fossil tooth enamel}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {78}, number = {0}, pages = {53-57}, abstract = {Comparative EPR investigation of CO2− radicals in modern (γ-irradiated) and fossil samples of tooth enamel was performed. The samples studied were the enamel powders and plates, the latter demonstrating an orientation dependence of EPR spectra in an external magnetic field. It was found that the ratio between the axial and orthorhombic CO2− centers amounts appears to be different for modern and fossil enamels. This ratio can be estimated by modeling of EPR spectra lineshape of powders or, in the case of plates, from the orientation dependence of EPR spectra in an external magnetic field. It was assumed that the difference between modern and fossil enamels is caused by the transformation, in the course of time, of orthorhombic CO2− centers into axial ones. The equations that describe this process were deduced. Their solutions show that the ratio between the amounts of the axial and orthorhombic centers does not depend on the dose rate. This finding can be used for the development of the method to determine the fossil enamel age avoiding the determination of the annual dose.}, keywords = {EPR Dating CO2− radicals Fossil enamel}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.09.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448714002595}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Nottebaum, Veit and Lehmkuhl, Frank and Stauch, Georg and Lu, Huayu and Yi, Shuangwen}, title = {Late Quaternary aeolian sand deposition sustained by fluvial reworking and sediment supply in the Hexi Corridor — An example from northern Chinese drylands}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {250}, pages = {113-127}, keywords = {Aeolian sand Fluvial–aeolian interaction Palaeoenvironmental change Chinese drylands}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.08.014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15301276}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Ogundare, F. O. and Chithambo, M. L.}, title = {Characteristics of luminescence lifetimes in natural quartz from Brazil and South Korea}, journal = {Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Techniques & Plasma Phenomena}, volume = {168}, number = {6}, pages = {460-467}, note = {Ogundare, F. O. 1; Email Address: ogun_dare@yahoo.com Chithambo, M. L. 2; Affiliation: 1: Department of Physics , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria 2: Department of Physics and Electronics , Rhodes University , P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown , 6140 , South Africa; Source Info: Jun2013, Vol. 168 Issue 6, p460; Subject Term: LUMINESCENCE; Subject Term: ANNEALING of metals; Subject Term: IRRADIATION; Subject Term: ENERGY bands; Subject Term: QUARTZ; Author-Supplied Keyword: annealing temperature; Author-Supplied Keyword: energy band model; Author-Supplied Keyword: irradiation dose; Author-Supplied Keyword: luminescence lifetimes; Author-Supplied Keyword: quartz; Author-Supplied Keyword: time-resolved luminescence; NAICS/Industry Codes: 332810 Coating, engraving, cold and heat treating and allied activities; NAICS/Industry Codes: 332811 Metal Heat Treating; NAICS/Industry Codes: 334517 Irradiation Apparatus Manufacturing; Number of Pages: 8p; Illustrations: 1 Chart, 3 Graphs; Document Type: Article}, abstract = {Time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence has been used to investigate the influence of annealing temperature as well as irradiation dose on luminescence lifetimes in samples of sedimentary natural quartz from Brazil and South Korea. The luminescence was stimulated at a pulse width of 11 μ s using 470 nm blue light and detected in the wavelength region between 340 and 380 nm. Measurements were made on samples annealed between 500 and 900°C as well as on un-annealed subsets. The luminescence was excited by beta irradiation covering the dose range within 7 and 344 Gy. It was observed that in both samples, luminescence lifetimes increase with annealing temperature to a maximum at around 600°C and decrease again thereafter. As regards the effect of irradiation dose on luminescence lifetimes, it was found that the lifetimes are independent of irradiation in un-annealed samples from South Korea but decrease with irradiation in un-annealed samples from Brazil. When the quartz samples were then annealed at 800°C, that is, beyond the first phase inversion temperature (570°C) of quartz, it was found that lifetimes increased with dose in samples from South Korea but were independent of dose in the samples from Brazil. These effects of annealing temperature and irradiation dose on luminescence lifetimes have been explained using an energy band model for quartz. Results from the present work and those in the literature on natural quartz samples from some other origins showed that quartz samples have two regions of temperature, where lifetimes have distinct characteristics as a function of either annealing temperature or irradiation dose. Specifically, lifetimes go through either a peak or a minimum as a function of annealing temperature and the dependence of lifetimes on dose also depends on annealing temperature. This means that dependence luminescence lifetimes on irradiation dose or annealing temperature can be used as an indicator for the presence of phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Techniques & Plasma Phenomena is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)}, keywords = {LUMINESCENCE ANNEALING of metals IRRADIATION ENERGY bands QUARTZ annealing temperature energy band model irradiation dose luminescence lifetimes time-resolved luminescence}, ISSN = {10420150}, DOI = {10.1080/10420150.2013.781175}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=87590256&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, year = {2013}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Oniya, Ebenezer O.}, title = {Dependence of heating rates of thermal activation on thermal activation characteristics of 110 °C TL peak of quartz: A simulation approach}, journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry}, volume = {115}, pages = {171-178}, abstract = {This work was undertaken to investigate heating rates effect of thermal activation on the thermal activation characteristic (TAC) by a way of numerical simulation of an existing model. This was done by monitoring charge distributions among trapping states (electron and hole traps), both immediately after thermal activation and after irradiation of test dose. Previously observed ‘early activation’ and ‘late activation’ of TACs have been numerically observed in this work by following the exact experimental procedures of varying heating rates of thermal activation that produced them. Indirect thermal transfer signal from high temperature-TL peak at the end of thermal activation was observed to also contribute to the sensitization in the TACs, apart from the popular pre-dose effect. This contribution to the TACs from indirect thermal transfer signal from high temperature-TL peak increases with heating rate utilised for thermal activation. Recombination rate of evicted electron from high temperature-TL peak with holes during the thermal activation resulted into (i) increased sensitization with heating rates of thermal activation and (ii) direct dependence of temperature at glow-peak maximum intensity (Tm) of high temperature TL peak and heating rates of thermal activation on the peak position of the TACs peak. The impact of the electrons loss to recombination during the short irradiation increases with the heating rates of the thermal activation. The overall results have been employed to shed more light on the pre-dose phenomenon and its applications in dating.}, keywords = {Quartz Thermoluminescence (TL) Pre-dose sensitization Thermal activation curves (TACs) Heating rate (HR)}, ISSN = {0969-806X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.06.020}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969806X15300025}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Ou, XianJiao and Duller, Geoff A. T. and Roberts, Helen M. and Zhou, ShangZhe and Lai, ZhongPing and Chen, Rong and Chen, RenRong and Zeng, LanHua}, title = {Single grain optically stimulated luminescence dating of glacial sediments from the Baiyu Valley, southeastern Tibet}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {314-319}, abstract = {The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is an important area for the study of Quaternary glaciation. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating has the potential to contribute to the chronology of glaciation in this region, but it is important to assess the accuracy of OSL dating of these glacial sediments. In this study, single grain quartz OSL signals are examined for five glacial samples collected from the moraines outside the Baiyu Valley, southeastern Tibet. The quartz grains exhibit poor luminescence characteristics, with a small proportion of grains passing the screening criteria. Grains which pass the screening criteria have relatively low signal intensity, leading to De values with large uncertainties. MAM and CAM were used to determine De values for these samples. The OSL ages are consistent with the sequence of events derived from the geomorphological relationship of the samples, and also with previous published radiocarbon ages. However, it is more difficult to reconcile the OSL ages and the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) 10Be ages. Analysis of both single grain quartz OSL data and TCN 10Be data is complex in this area. Further work is required to increase confidence in the OSL ages generated for the glacial sediments from this region.}, keywords = {Incomplete bleaching Minimum age model OSL Quartz Moraine Till Glaciofluvial sediments Nyainqentanglha range Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187110141500031X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Pagonis, Vasilis and Chen, Reuven}, title = {Monte Carlo simulations of TL and OSL in nanodosimetric materials and feldspars}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {262-269}, abstract = {The study of luminescent materials consisting of nanoclusters is an increasingly active research area. It has been shown that the physical properties of such nanodosimetric materials can be very different from those of similar conventional microcrystalline phosphors. In addition, it has been suggested that traditional energy band models may not be applicable for some of these nanodosimetric materials, because of the existence of strong spatial correlations between traps and recombination centers. The properties of such spatially correlated materials have been previously simulated by using Monte Carlo techniques and by considering the allowed transitions of charge carriers between the conduction band, electron traps and recombination centers. This previous research demonstrated successfully the effect of trap clustering on the kinetics of charge carriers in a solid, and showed that trap clustering can significantly change the observed luminescence properties. This paper presents a simplified method of carrying out Monte Carlo simulations for thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) phenomena, based on a recently published model for feldspar. This model is based on tunneling recombination processes involving localized near-neighbor transitions. The simulations show that the presence of small clusters consisting of a few traps can lead to multiple peaks in both the TL and linearly modulated OSL signals. The effects of donor charge density, initial trap filling and cluster size are simulated for such multi-peak luminescence signals, and insight is obtained into the mechanism producing these peaks.}, keywords = {Thermoluminescence LM-OSL Monte Carlo simulations Trap cluster effects}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.12.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448714003527}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Panin, Andrei and Adamiec, Grzegorz and Filippov, Vladimir}, title = {Fluvial response to proglacial effects and climate in the upper Dnieper valley (Western Russia) during the Late Weichselian and the Holocene}, journal = {Quaternaire}, volume = {26}, number = {1}, pages = {27-48}, abstract = {The Dnieper River in the westerly-aligned reach upstream from the Russian/Belarussian border exhibits deep early MIS 2 (pre-LGM) incision that is considered to have been caused by valley tilting associated with the growth of glacial forebulge. Glacial damming occurred around the LGM downstream from the city of Smolensk, locally shifting the valley southwards and stimulating substantial aggradation, although in a limited reach of few tens of kilometres. The failure of the glacial dam induced incision down to pre-LGM elevations, which was followed, before the onset of the Holocene, by further aggradation that was probably a response to a decrease in valley gradient caused by the subsidence of the glacial forebulge. This deformation continued into the Holocene and is estimated to have caused valley tilting by 4-5 m within a 100 km valley reach, which is noticeably larger than that predicted by the ICE-5G (VM2) model (Peltier, 2004) and suggests a delayed forebulge collapse in comparison with that predicted by modeling. In the Early Holocene, the river formed very wide braided or single-thread palaeochannels. Early Holocene channel morphology implies discharges estimated at three times that of the present-day river, which indicates a considerable increase of discharge from the Upper Dnieper catchment, presumed to be climatically driven. Substantial remnants of Moscovian (MIS 6) glacigenic deposits, preserved as intra-valley residual hills, are interpreted as having been dissected and isolated during valley initiation at the end of the Moscovian and then partly buried by fluvial sediments due to valley aggradation prior to the onset of the Holocene. Dnieper, glacial forebulge, glacial-dammed lake, large palaeochannel, palaeodischarge}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Parenti, F.}, title = {Old and new on the same site: Putting Vale da Pedra Furada into a wider context. A comment to Lahaye et al. 2015}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part A}, pages = {48-53}, abstract = {A recent paper on Vale da Pedra Furada (VPF, Lahaye et al., this journal), a final Pleistocene archaeological site of Northeastern Brazil (VPF), while comparing to some other sites in the region, fails to refere to the very close rock-shelter of Boqueirao da Pedra Furada (BPF), the main reference, and controversial, site of lowland South America. Because I studied exhaustively this last, I provide some explanations both on stratigraphic, taphonomic and palaeoclimatic grounds, pointing to a more careful intra-site analysis of such a critical archaeological area. Both VPF and BPF are two parts of the same site: in fact, VPF correlates with the youngest Pleistocene layer of BPF, Pedra Furada 3 (26–18 cal ky BP) but also seems to fill the gap between the last millennia of final Pleistocene and the onsent of Holocenic conditions. A tight ressemblance of archaological features is underlined as long as analogies and differences regarding taphonomic analysis of the artifacts between the two sectors.}, keywords = {Pedra Furada Lithic industries Upper Pleistocene}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187110141530042X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Peña-Monné, José Luis and Sancho-Marcén, Carlos and Sampietro-Vattuone, María Marta and Rivelli, Felipe and Rhodes, Edward J. and Osácar-Soriano, María Cinta and Rubio-Fernández, Virginia and García-Giménez, Rosario}, title = {Geomorphological study of the Cafayate dune field (Northwest Argentina) during the last millennium}, journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology}, volume = {438}, pages = {352-363}, abstract = {The Cafayate depression is a dry valley located in the Pre-Andean region of northwest Argentina. The area shows the development of a large dune field. Its significance has been established from geomorphological and mineralogical evidence, grain shape characteristics and chronological data (OSL dating, archaeological remains, and historical data). The dating results were between 1000–1100 AD to1740–1830 AD showing that the aeolian dynamics remained active during the last millennium. It was not possible to identify stabilised phases marked by ruptures or paleosol development. Nevertheless, other regional and local proxies from Northwest Argentina (archaeological, documentary, etc.) were used to complete the interpretative framework to propose the paleoenvironmental evolution of the area. In addition, human activity and land use must be considered as a complementary factor affecting aeolian dynamics during the most recent stage.}, keywords = {Aeolian dynamics OSL dating Last millennium NW Argentina drylands}, ISSN = {0031-0182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.028}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215004642}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Peng, Jun and Dong, Zhibao and Han, Fengqing}, title = {Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sandy deposits from Gulang county at the southern margin of the Tengger Desert, China}, journal = {Journal of Arid Land}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {Aeolian deposits from the deserts in northern China have been used for palaeoenvironmental research to understand aeolian sedimentology and its dynamic connection to past climate conditions. The Tengger Desert in China is sensitive to the waxing and waning of the monsoonal system. In response to past climate change, the southern margin of the Tengger Desert has evolved significantly since the last glacial period. However, previous attempts to date aeolian deposits in this region were mainly based on radiocarbon dating, which has problems when applied to aeolian deposits. Moreover, sedimentary records are limited. Accordingly, past aeolian activity in this desert remains poorly understood. In the present study, we dated sand samples from Gulang county at the southern margin of the Tengger Desert using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) to understand the history of aeolian activity in this region. Our samples represented well-sorted aeolian sands and sandy loess. Aeolian sands are evidence of dune field buildup and sparse vegetation cover whereas sandy loess is evidence of improved stabilization of sand dunes resulting from ameliorated vegetation cover. Certain samples showed a decline in the equivalent dose (D e ) values when successive integration intervals were applied, which resulted from unstable OSL signals from non-fast components in the initial part of the decay curve. In order to obtain reliable D e estimates, we investigated component-resolved and different background subtraction approaches, and compared the resultant D e estimates. We adopted the early background subtraction method to derive D e values. Luminescence chronologies and sedimentary records indicated that sand dunes accumulation occurred before 10 ka, and sandy loess developed between 9.5 and 7.6 ka when sand dunes were stabilized as a result of increased effective moisture levels. The transition between sand dune mobilization and stabilization emphasizes the significance of an effective moisture threshold in controlling aeolian activity. Mobilization of sand dunes at ~2.3 ka might be related to an increased aridity during the Late Holocene. Keywords OSL dating sandy deposit integration interval selection aeolian activity Tengger Desert }, keywords = {OSL dating sandy deposit integration interval selection aeolian activity Tengger Desert}, ISSN = {1674-6767}, DOI = {10.1007/s40333-015-0137-6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40333-015-0137-6}, year = {2016}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Pereira, Alison and Nomade, Sébastien and Voinchet, Pierre and Bahain, Jean Jacques and Falguères, Christophe and Garon, Henri and Lefèvre, David and Raynal, Jean Paul and Scao, Vincent and Piperno, Marcello}, title = {The earliest securely dated hominin fossil in Italy and evidence of Acheulian occupation during glacial MIS 16 at Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy)}, journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {639-650}, abstract = {The Early Middle Pleistocene site of Notarchirico (Basilicata, Italy) is a 7-m-thick fluvially emplaced sedimentary sequence rich in volcanic materials coming from the Monte Vulture stratovolcano. This site consists of 11 archaeological layers, some of which have yielded handaxes. One femur attributed to Homo heidelbergensis was also recovered from an upper level. We present in this study new 40Ar/39Ar and electron spin resonance ages that delimit the time of occupation of Notarchirico to between 670 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and 614 ± 4 ka (12 ka), therefore spanning mainly the glacial Marine Isotope Stage 16. Handaxes found in archaeosurface F are now securely dated to between 670 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and 661 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and prove that hominid populations living in southern Italy used Acheulian technology as early as the beginning of this stage. Futhermore, we placed the age of the human femur between 661 ± 4 ka (14 ka) and 614± 4 ka (12 ka). This fossil is therefore the oldest Middle Pleistocene human fossil discovered in Italy so far. Thanks to this new chronological framework, Notarchirico is now a key site in our understanding of the Early Acheulian culture in Western Europe.}, keywords = {40Ar/39Ar dating ESR on quartz dating handaxes hominid femur southern Italy}, ISSN = {1099-1417}, DOI = {10.1002/jqs.2809}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2809}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Polymeris, George S. and Şahiner, Eren and Meriç, Niyazi and Kitis, George}, title = {Thermal assistance in TA – OSL signals of feldspar and polymineral samples; comparison with the case of pure quartz}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {270-274}, abstract = {Thermally assisted optically stimulated luminescence (TA – OSL) is studied for the cases of polymineral, rich in K-feldspar sample as well as one pure sample of K-feldspar. For both cases, the shape of the TA – OSL signal indicates an initial, fast decaying part which is followed by a flat, very slowly decaying part with intensity much larger than the ordinary background noise signal. Thermal assistance characteristics indicate that for the case of pure K-feldspar, the signal originates from a unique very deep trap. The experimental features of the TA – OSL signal in the case of polymineral sample resemble much the corresponding TA – OSL features of pure quartz, in terms of both glow curve shape, especially at high stimulation temperatures, as well as signal intensity and its dependence on the stimulation temperature. Nevertheless, TA – OSL stimulation at low, ambient temperatures provide strong hints towards the contribution of K – feldspars to this signal. Proper selection of the stimulation temperature could possibly discriminate the TA – OSL signal originating from quartz and feldspars.}, keywords = {Thermal assistance K-feldspars Polymineral TA – OSL}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.12.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000633}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Poręba, Grzegorz J. and Śnieszko, Zbigniew and Moska, Piotr}, title = {Application of OSL dating and 137Cs measurements to reconstruct the history of water erosion: A case study of a Holocene colluvium in Świerklany, south Poland}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {374}, number = {0}, pages = {189-197}, abstract = {Slopes used agriculturally at medium latitudes in European loess areas are modelled mainly by washing processes. The thickness of colluvium depends on the intensity of washing processes and the length of time of agricultural use, and it ranges from tens of centimetres to several meters in extreme cases. In southern Poland, anthropogenic deforestation of some slopes, and consequently washing processes, begun as early as 5 ka. However, in many places these processes began much later. As a result, colluvium accumulated at the foot of the slopes corresponds to different stages of the prehistoric and historical anthropopressure. Those specific stages of anthropogenic prehistoric erosion can be distinguished by dating methods. Dating may be used to establish the beginning of the prehistoric agricultural activity in a particular area and to determine the extent of areas used for agriculture in the past. To study Holocene colluvium, the Świerklany site was selected mainly due to an archeological-rescue excavation associated with the construction of the highway in the vicinity of Świerklany village. For laboratory study, four sample profiles were collected from key points of the study area. Two of them were located at the foot of slopes, one at the eroded part of the slope and one in a former pond area on the extension of the one of the tested slopes. Beside this, 10 cores were collected to measure 137Cs activity concentration as a modern erosion tracer. In the laboratory, analyses of 137Cs activity concentration, grain size distribution and luminescence characteristics were done. The quartz extracted from the collected colluvial sediment was suitable for age determination based on the OSL SAR protocol. The OSL results for the lower part of the profiles indicate that fossil soils developed about 10 ka. Younger results from overlying materials were used to infer a range of erosion and transport processes since deforestation associated with the establishment of Świerklany village, in the thirteenth century. The most modern phase of landscape activation are described by the 137Cs measurements, because 137Cs is present on the slope deposits to plough depth. The soil layer which contains 137Cs was dated by the OSL method for a period of 25–75 years, and the results obtained with both methods are in good agreement Results of investigations of the colluvium in Świerklany area clearly document good bleaching of OSL signal for sediments derived from washing (slope sediment).}, keywords = {Colluvium sediments OSL dating Cs-137 South Poland}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215002578}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Qin, Jintang and Chen, Jie and Valla, Pierre G. and Herman, Frédéric and Li, Kechang}, title = {Estimating rock cooling rates by using multiple luminescence thermochronometers}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {85-91}, abstract = {The potential of luminescence thermochronology is characterized by diverse luminescence signals with different thermal stabilities available for a single rock sample. These signals may be exploited together to constrain rock cooling rates. In this study, we performed numerical synthetic experiments to assess the advantages and limitations of using multiple luminescence thermochronometers (MLT) of a hypothetical single rock sample to constrain its cooling rate. A series of luminescence traps with typical depths of quartz mineral are investigated (i.e. 1.55–1.70 eV). We use synthetic luminescence saturation ratios predicted from imposed cooling scenarios to assess the benefits of MLT-based forward modeling on constraining rock cooling rates. Our results show that the prescribed cooling rates can be constrained by applying the MLT approach to a single sample, without the requirement of a priori knowledge on the present-day temperature, which is mandatory for the approach only using a single luminescence thermochronometer. Due to the saturation effect of luminescence thermochronometers, the minimum cooling rates that can be constrained with given trap depths are also investigated for the MLT approach.}, keywords = {Thermochronology Multiple luminescence thermochronometers Cooling rate Numerical sensitivity analysis Present-day temperature}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.08.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715001304}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Qiu, Fengyue and Zhou, Liping}, title = {A new luminescence chronology for the Mangshan loess-palaeosol sequence on the southern bank of the Yellow River in Henan, central China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part A}, pages = {24-33}, abstract = {An unusually thick loess-palaeosol sequence was found at Mangshan on the southern bank of the Yellow River, central China. Previous attempts to establish its chronology using TL and IRSL techniques have left major uncertainty over the stratigraphic division of the sequence. Here, we report results of a quartz and polymineral luminescence dating study on medium-grain (45–63 μm) fractions from the upper five loess units of the sequence. The base of the first loess unit is dated to 68.6 ± 4.9 ka with quartz extracts. While the quartz SAR age for the top of the second loess unit is 87.2 ± 6.1 ka, the application of an elevated temperature post-IR IRSL (pIR200IR290) SAR procedure to polymineral fraction from the same sample yields an age of 137 ± 10 ka. Using this procedure, the upper five loess units are dated. Our new luminescence dates show that the uppermost ∼41 m loess accumulated during the last glaciation. This disagrees with the previously published luminescence ages but is consistent with the proposed stratigraphy based on the correlation with sections in the Loess Plateau. The accumulation rates of the Mangshan loess during the last two climate cycles are found 4–7 times higher than those in the central Loess Plateau as well as those in the lower part of the sequence. Measurements of quartz OSL/TL sensitivity reveal significant differences among the samples in different loess units, hence providing evidence for the changes in the supply of source materials as a cause for the dramatic acceleration in loess accumulation.}, keywords = {Loess in China Chronology Polymineral post-IR IRSL Age underestimation Luminescence sensitivity Yellow River Mangshan}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300492}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Rades, Eike F. and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Frechen, Manfred and Xu, Qiang and Ding, Lin}, title = {A lake-level chronology based on feldspar luminescence dating of beach ridges at Tangra Yum Co (southern Tibet)}, journal = {Quaternary Research}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {469-478}, abstract = {Many lakes on the Tibetan Plateau exhibit strandplains with a series of beach ridges extending high above the current lake levels. These beach ridges mark former lake highstands and therefore dating their formation allows the reconstruction of lake-level histories and environmental changes. In this study, we establish a lake-level chronology of Tangra Yum Co (fifth largest lake on the Tibetan Plateau) based on luminescence dating of feldspar from 17 beach-ridge samples. The samples were collected from two strandplains southeast and north of the lake and range in elevation from the current shore to 140 m above the present lake. Using a modified post-infrared IRSL protocol at 170°C we successfully minimised the anomalous fading in the feldspar IRSL signal, and obtained reliable dating results. The luminescence ages indicate three different stages of lake-level decline during the Holocene: (1) a phase of rapid decline (~ 50 m) from ~ 6.4 to ~ 4.5 ka, (2) a period of slow decline between ~ 4.5 and ~ 2.0 ka (~ 20 m), and (3) a fast decline by 70 m between ~ 2 ka and today. Our findings suggest a link between a decrease in monsoonal activity and lake-level decline since the early Holocene.}, keywords = {Tibetan Plateau Paleoclimate Lake-level change Holocene Luminescence dating}, ISSN = {0033-5894}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.03.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589415000265}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Reimann, Tony and Ankjærgaard, Christina and Wallinga, Jakob}, title = {Testing the potential of a transferred IRSL (T-IRSL) feldspar signal for luminescence dating}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {275-281}, abstract = {One of the major dilemmas in feldspar luminescence dating is that the infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals are either stable and difficult to bleach when measured at elevated temperatures, or unstable and easy to bleach when measured at low temperatures. To identify a signal for sediment dating that is both stable and easy to bleach, we investigate the potential of an optically and thermally transferred IRSL (T-IRSL) signal. Based on the mechanisms described in Wang et al. (2014), we develop a T-IRSL single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) measurement protocol. We investigate the a-thermal stability of six different T-IRSL signals from a sample of infinite age using fading experiments, and by comparing field and laboratory saturation levels. The T-IRSL signal measured at 125 °C (T-IRSL125) following a preheat of 280 °C, is found to be as stable as the post-IR IRSL 290 °C signal (pIRIR290). Furthermore, laboratory bleaching experiments show that the T-IRSL125 signal bleaches faster than the pIRIR290 signal, and that the corresponding residual doses are more than 40% lower. This indicates that T-IRSL signals may be superior to pIRIR methods for dating young and/or insufficiently bleached deposits. However, a SAR protocol performance test of the T-IRSL125 signal yielded a systematic underestimation of 8 ± 2%. This is possibly caused by a sensitivity change during the first preheat and requires further investigation.}, keywords = {Feldspar luminescence dating Transferred IRSL Anomalous fading Bleaching rates}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000037}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Rémillard, A. M. and Buylaert, J. P. and Murray, A. S. and St-Onge, G. and Bernatchez, P. and Hétu, B.}, title = {Quartz OSL dating of late Holocene beach ridges from the Magdalen Islands (Quebec, Canada)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {264-269}, abstract = {Quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating has been applied to sandy beach ridge systems from the Magdalen Islands in the center of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Quebec, Canada) to provide the first chronological framework for these features. Nineteen beach ridges (22 samples) from four different sites throughout the archipelago were investigated. At one of the sites, samples were taken at 9 m and 7.5 m depth using a vibracore. The quartz is dominated by the fast OSL component and a single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol was used to measure the equivalent doses; a low preheat (180°C/10 s) was chosen to avoid the influence of thermal transfer. The average dose recovery ratio of all samples is 1.02 ± 0.02 (n = 130) suggesting that the SAR protocol works satisfactorily on this material. The OSL ages are internally consistent and supported by independent age control (radiocarbon). The OSL ages indicate that the ridges were built between 2.6 ± 0.2 ka and 0.40 ± 0.10 ka, i.e. during a period of sea level rise. This rise eroded adjacent sandstone cliffs, which contributed a significant sediment supply to the littoral drift and beaches. Some low-lying coasts in the archipelago are still prograding, despite a relative sea level increase of ∼1.6 mm/a over the last 600 years. The late Holocene ages obtained in this study indicate that these processes have been active for at least the past two thousand years. This study demonstrates for the first time that OSL dating using quartz has great potential in this area, and is an appropriate method for establishing precise chronologies for coastal sediments in this region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL dating Beach ridges Sea level rise Late Holocene Magdalen Islands}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300017}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Rémillard, Audrey M. and Hétu, Bernard and Bernatchez, Pascal and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Murray, Andrew S. and St-Onge, Guillaume and Geach, Martin}, title = {Chronology and palaeoenvironmental implications of the ice-wedge pseudomorphs and composite-wedge casts on the Magdalen Islands (eastern Canada)}, journal = {Boreas}, volume = {44}, number = {4}, pages = {658-675}, abstract = {The Magdalen Islands are a valuable terrestrial record, evidencing the complex glacial and periglacial history of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Thirteen structures interpreted as ice-wedge pseudomorphs or composite-wedge casts were observed at four sites on the southern Magdalen Islands and testify to the former presence of permafrost under periglacial conditions. These features truncate Carboniferous sandstone or Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacial and glaciomarine diamicts, both overlain by subtidal or coastal units. Six optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and four radiocarbon ages were obtained from both host and infilled sedimentary units. These ages provide the first absolute chronological data on these structures, shedding new light on the relationships between glacial and periglacial phases. Our chronostratigraphic data suggest that, after the deglaciation and the emersion of the archipelago, thermal contraction cracks grew during the cold period of the Younger Dryas (11–10 ka; 12.9–11.5 cal. ka BP). The Younger Dryas, which is well documented in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, occurred after a pedogenesis phase associated with the Allerød warm period evidenced by the well-developed palaeopodzol ubiquitous on the Magdalen Islands.}, ISSN = {1502-3885}, DOI = {10.1111/bor.12125}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bor.12125}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Richard, M. and Falguères, C. and Pons-Branchu, E. and Bahain, J. J. and Voinchet, P. and Lebon, M. and Valladas, H. and Dolo, J. M. and Puaud, S. and Rué, M. and Daujeard, C. and Moncel, M. H. and Raynal, J. P.}, title = {Contribution of ESR/U-series dating to the chronology of late Middle Palaeolithic sites in the middle Rhône valley, southeastern France}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {529-534}, abstract = {The establishment of a chronology for late Middle Palaeolithic sites on the right bank of the Rhône valley in southeastern France is important for the knowledge of Neandertal dynamics and their demise in this area. The suite of dating methods that are directly applicable to fossils is limited for this period, especially around 50 ka where radiocarbon dating is beyond its technical limits. Currently applied to Middle and Lower Pleistocene periods, the use of combined ESR/U-series dating on Upper Pleistocene samples led to new issues, such as the acquisition of an age for samples yielding low equivalent doses and low uranium content in dental tissues. The gamma dose rate measurement thus plays a key role in age calculation. Beyond the discussion on methodological issues, the present study contributes to the establishment of a chronological framework that covers the Neandertal occupations between MIS 5 and MIS 3 for this area.}, keywords = {Chronology ESR/U-series Neandertal Middle Palaeolithic Rhône valley France}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300376}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Richter, Daniel}, title = {Luminescence, Flints and Stones}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {14}, pages = {460-465}, abstract = {Most applications of luminescence dating of flints and stones are related to archaeology and the timing of prehistoric sites. Here, prehistoric human activities are directly dated in most cases, using the last heating of flint, chert, limestone, quartzite, or quartz. This is in contrast to surface exposure dating of such materials, where the event dated – the last exposure or burial – is often not related to the event of the human occupation or activities. Consideration of the relation between the event dated and the research question asked (i.e., sedimentology, human activity, etc.) is crucial. This is well discussed in Dean (1978), who describes a “typology of events.” Luminescence dating is especially useful in archaeological context at the limits or beyond the range of radiocarbon dating of organic material or when the latter is lacking (see “Luminescence Dating”). The time span of application ranges from a few to several hundred ka. However, recent developments employing orange-red TL (Richter, 2011) suggest applicability close to 1 Ma under favorable circumstances. Thermoluminescence (see “Quartz Defects, Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Thermoluminescen​ce”) is often employed for determining the heat exposure age, but in principle, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL, see “Quartz Defects, Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Thermoluminescen​ce”) can be employed as well. However, OSL is not generally applicable to materials classed as flint, obsidian, etc., and therefore, only few studies investigate such theoretical venues (Poolton et al., 1995; Polymeris et al., 2010; Schmidt and Kreutzer, 2013). Rock material without significant amorphous phases, i.e., containing significant amounts of α-quartz (see “Quartz”) such as unheated quartz pebbles, is also suitable for surface exposure dating (see “Luminescence, Rock Surfaces”). Here, the time of the last exposure to light is dated (e.g., Kouremenos, 2008; Sohbati et al., 2012) which is not necessarily a prehistoric human activity, such as turning rocks over (e.g., Greilich and Wagner, 2009).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_14}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_14}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Richter, Daniel and Klinger, Philip and Zöller, Ludwig}, title = {Palaeodose underestimation of heated quartz in Red-TL dating of volcanic contexts}, journal = {Geochronometria}, volume = {42}, pages = {182-188}, abstract = {Thermoluminescence (TL) dating is a valuable tool for chronometric dating of heated minerals and has been shown to agree very well with independent age control. Comparison with argon dating of samples from identical events, however, revealed age underestimations of volcanic eruptions dated by orange-red TL (R-TL) of quartz extracts from some xenolith samples, while good agreement was obtained for others. The underestimation is attributed to an apparent signal loss (“anomalous fading”) which was experimentally observed for some, but not all samples investigated. The presence of significant amounts of feldspar or tridymite, which could be related to the observations, is excluded by IRSL (Infrared Stimulated Luminescence) and XRD analysis. While the data is not entirely conclusive, it leads to the current working hypothesis that exposure to high temperatures might be responsible for an effect similar to the anomalous fading phenomena observed for some feldspar luminescence. It therefore appears to be prudent not to sample xenoliths from high temperature context, like basalt dykes in volcanic context. Keywords: thermoluminescence dating; red TL; volcanism; xenolith; quartz; fading}, DOI = {10.1515/geochr-2015-0020}, url = {dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0020}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Richter, D. and Richter, A. and Dornich, K.}, title = {lexsyg smart - a luminescence detection system for dosimetry, material research and dating application}, journal = {Geochronometria}, volume = {42}, pages = {202-209}, abstract = {(thermoluminescence, photoluminescence, photon-stimulated, optically stimulated and infrared stimulated luminescence ) for a wide range of materials because of the availability of several stimulation sources. The possibility for user definition and change of most parameters provides a great deal of flexibility and also allows research applications. While detection is limited to a single unit and sample storage to 40 positions, the lexsyg smart is much faster in aliquot transportation compared to the lexsyg research, and allows fast mass measurements in luminescence dating, retrospective and personal dosimetry, etc. Cross talk of optical stimulation is absent and cross-irradiation is negligible from the single radioactive source (a, b or x-ray) because of a disconnected sample storage wheel from the measurement chamber, which has a small volume and therefore gas consumption is small. Thermoluminescence measurements and pre-heatings are possible with a versatile heater, which can be programmed for linear/non-linear heating at varying rates and durations for an almost unlimited number of steps. Optical excitation for up to three wavelength bands (violet, blue, green, yellow, infrared) is provided from high power LEDs or laser diodes, with an optional filter wheel to vary detection wavelength bands according the material specific requirements. Either can be programmed to change at almost any time within measurement sequences.}, DOI = {10.1515/geochr-2015-0022}, url = {dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0022}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Richter, Daniel and Wagner, Günther A}, title = {Chronometric Methods in Paleoanthropology}, booktitle = {Handbook of Paleoanthropology}, editor = {Henke, Winfried and Tattersall, Ian}, publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, chapter = {10}, pages = {317-350}, abstract = {Chronometry or numerical dating aims to provide age estimates in terms of years for archaeological and paleoanthropological events or processes. Most of the methods currently applied with success are based on the physical phenomenon of radioactivity, which provides the clock. Ongoing developments in the last few decades provide rapid progress in the growing field of chronometric dating. In particular, improvements in time resolution and application to novel sample materials as well as the extension of the age ranges have left a strong impact on current paleoanthropology. This contribution introduces the reader to the principles of radiometric dating. The most frequently applied dating methods, such as potassium–argon, uranium-series, luminescence, electron spin resonance, cosmogenic 26Al/10Be, and radiocarbon techniques, are described. Their potential for paleoanthropology is illustrated using various examples covering the entire period since hominini entered the scene a few million years ago.}, ISBN = {978-3-642-39978-7}, DOI = {10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_10}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_10}, year = {2014}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Rink, W. Jack and Heaman, Larry M}, title = {Radioactive Decay Constants: A Review}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {264}, pages = {666-669}, abstract = {The radioactive decay constant (λ) is a characteristic of unstable radionuclides (see chart of the nuclides) that spontaneously decay at different rates to a more stable atomic configuration; the larger the decay constant, the more rapidly the parent radionuclide is depleted with time. The basic formulation of the radioactive decay equation is based on the principle that the number of decay events of any radioactive parent atom is proportional to the number of these atoms present at any given time (Rutherford and Soddy, 1902). This basic principle has been transformed into the law of radioactive decay N = N0 e−λt, which states that given an initial number N0 of radioactive parent nuclei at start time t = 0, the number of radioactive nuclei remaining at time t is given by N. Related to the decay constant is the half-life t ½ of a radioactive nucleus: t ½ = ln 2/λ. The half-life is the time in which half the number of parent nuclides have decayed. Introduction The determination of decay constants and/or corresponding half-lives of radionuclides is a fundamental aspect of geochronologic methods. A wide range of scientific questions can be addressed with dating techniques. A variety of questions can be addressed using dating methods. These range from the age of archaeological materials and human fossils to the age of the oldest materials in our solar system and many geological processes on earth. The process of radioactive decay proceeds through two main mechanisms: (1) α-decay, which is alpha particle emission (two protons plus two neutrons) from the nucleus, and (2) β-decay, when a nucleus emits an electron or positron. The accuracy and precision of the decay constant measurements are a determinant in the accuracy and precision of the age result. Progress in this area for long-lived radioactive nuclides in part depends on the difficulty in directly measuring the decay events and the range in mass and energy of the different particles emitted during decay. As better methods become available to determine the decay constants for the various methods, more accurate and precise values become available.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_264}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_264}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Rink, W. J. and López, G. I.}, title = {Corrigendum to “OSL-based lateral progradation and aeolian sediment accumulation rates for the Apalachicola Barrier Island Complex, North Gulf of Mexico, Florida” [Geomorphology 123 (2010) 330–342]}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {241}, number = {0}, pages = {41}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15000999}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @book{ author = {Rink, W. Jack and Thompson, Jeroen W.}, title = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, note = {proton irradiation, radiation damage, step-heating experiment, tectonics and erosion, tephra deposits, zoning, U–U dating method, – V Variscan orogeny, Victoria Land Transantarctic Mountains, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) , Vinland map, Violet stimulated luminescence (VSL) , Virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) , Volcanic environment, Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), Volcanic glass, fission-track (FT) dating, – accuracy and precision , age standards, Bubble-wall glass shards , calc-alkaline terrains, conical pits, diameter-corrected fission track (DCFT) method, – hydrated glass shards, isothermal plateau fission track (ITPFT) method, – K–Ar age, mineral grains, partial fading of fission tracks (PTF) , point-counting technique , pumiceous pyroclasts , silicic tephra beds , surface area, U concentration, zeta calibration method, thermoluminescence (TL) dating, Volcanic rocks Ar/Ar method, – acidic lavas and ash beds, alteration index (AI) technique, extrusive material, cooling rate, K–Ar-derived GPTS , mafic/intermediate lava flows, – plateau/isochron ages, sample collection, young rocks/events, – U-series dating, –, complexities, – Ra/Th dating, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) , U–Th isochron, –, Voorspoed orangeite, South Africa, Voynich manuscript , W Walker Lake ( Nevada), Walther’s Law of Facies, – Water-use efficiency (iWUE), West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) , Whakatane tephra, White mica porphyroclasts, – Whole-genome sequencing, Whole-rock isochron , Wiggle-matching technique , – WILDFIREc software, Wopmay orogen, World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), X Xenocryst , Xenon, X-ray diffraction (XRD) , clays, Rb–Sr dating, – terrestrial carbonates, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) , Y Youngest Toba Tuff ( YTT), Indonesia , Yucca Mountain, Nevada, – Z Zeta calibration method , Zijderveld diagram , Zircon (ZrSiO), – back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging , cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging , characteristics, high-temperature metamorphic processes , Lu/Hf ratio, physical and chemical durability, – Th/U ratio, twinned and single crystals , U-Pb dating , – advantage, air abrasion treatment, cathodoluminescence/backscatter electrons, chemical abrasion, – composite zircon, – growth zones, isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS), kimberlites, – radiation damage, U–Th–Pb geochronology, Zircon fission-track (ZFT) dating, }, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6 }, year = {2015}, type = {Edited Book} } @article{ author = {Rittenour, Tammy M. and Cotter, James F. P. and Arends, Heather E.}, title = {Application of single-grain OSL dating to ice-proximal deposits, glacial Lake Benson, west-central Minnesota, USA}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {306-313}, abstract = {Glacial Lake Benson formed in west-central Minnesota as the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet retreated north of a small moraine in the Minnesota River lowland. Although previous research has constrained the timing of glacial Lake Agassiz immediately to the north, little age control is available for the formation of glacial Lake Benson and ice-marginal positions to the south. In order to constrain the age of glacial Lake Benson and test the application of single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to ice-marginal deposits, seven OSL samples were collected from a variety of depositional settings. These included deltaic deposits linked to specific lake levels, pro-glacial fluvial, ice-contact and supra-glacial deposits. Single-grain OSL results indicate evidence for incomplete resetting (partial bleaching) of the luminescence signal, as expected for glacial environments, and therefore ages were calculated using a minimum age model. OSL results constrain the timing of ice-margin retreat and lake formation to 14.4–14.8 ka. Analysis of single-grain equivalent dose distributions indicates that deposits created by glacial-dominated processes typically had higher over-dispersion (>50%) and greater positive skew (>0.9) than deposits originating from fluvial processes. These results suggest that water-lain deposits should be targeted for OSL sampling over those created by glacial processes when dating ice-proximal settings.}, keywords = {Single-grain OSL Glacial Lake Benson Partial bleaching Des Moines lobe}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.025}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000382}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Roberts, HelenM}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Deep-Sea Marine and Lacustrine}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {34}, pages = {409-414}, abstract = {Infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL); Optical dating; Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL); Thermoluminescence (TL) Definition Luminescence dating: A family of chronologic methods typically applied to the commonly occurring minerals quartz and feldspar, which exploits a time-dependent signal that builds up in mineral grains by exposure to naturally occurring ionizing radiation (principally from uranium, thorium, and potassium). The methods assess the time elapsed since these mineral grains were last exposed to sunlight or to heating. In the case of marine and lacustrine sediments, the event being dated is the last exposure to sunlight, i.e., typically the time of deposition of the sediments. Deep-sea, marine: Of or pertaining to the deeper parts of the sea or ocean (as opposed to shallow waters and coasts). Lacustrine: Of or pertaining to lakes. Introduction Despite the fact that marine sediments were among the first sediments from which a luminescence signal was observed (Wintle and Huntley, 1979), subsequently little work has been done using luminescence to date marine sediments. Similarly, surprisingly little work has been done to apply luminescence procedures to date lacustrine deposits, in spite of the rapid development, the widespread uptake, and the improved accuracy and precision of luminescence dating when applied to a wide variety of other depositional settings. The reasons behind this reluctance to use luminescence techniques to provide ages for marine and lacustrine sediments share some common links, and the challenges faced in dating these water-lain sediments are similar. It is therefore appropriate that these two depositional environments are considered together.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_34}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_34}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Roberts, HelenM}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Loess}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {127}, pages = {425-430}, abstract = {Infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL); Optical dating; Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL); Thermoluminescence (TL) Definition Luminescence dating. A family of chronologic methods typically applied to the commonly occurring minerals quartz and feldspar, which exploits a time-dependent signal that builds up in mineral grains by exposure to naturally occurring ionizing radiation (principally from uranium, thorium, and potassium). The methods assess the time elapsed since these mineral grains were last exposed to sunlight or to heating. In the case of sediments, the event being dated is the last exposure to sunlight, i.e., typically the time of deposition of the sediment. Loess. A fine-grained terrestrial sedimentary deposit derived from wind-blown dust.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_127}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_127}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Roberts, RichardG and Jacobs, Zenobia}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Single-Grain Dose Distribution}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {88}, pages = {435-440}, abstract = {Single-grain D e distribution; Single-grain equivalent dose distribution Definition A single-grain dose distribution refers to the spread in measured dose values (and their associated uncertainties) for individual mineral grains in luminescence dating; usually these are independent dose estimates for tens to hundreds of single grains from the same sample}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_88}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_88}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Roberts, Richard G. and Lian, Olav B.}, title = {DATING TECHNIQUES: Illuminating the past}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {520}, number = {7548}, pages = {438-439}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {The technique of optical dating was first reported 30 years ago, and has since revolutionized studies of events that occurred during the past 500,000 years. Here, two practitioners of optical dating assess its impact and consider its future.}, ISSN = {0028-0836}, url = {://WOS:000353334500021}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Roskin, J. and Sivan, D. and Shtienberg, G. and Roskin, E. and Porat, N. and Bookman, R.}, title = {Natural and human controls of the Holocene evolution of the beach, aeolian sand and dunes of Caesarea (Israel)}, journal = {Aeolian Research}, volume = {19, Part A}, pages = {65-85}, abstract = {The study focuses on the Holocene appearance, chronology and drivers of beach sand deposition and inland aeolian sand transport around the Roman–Byzantine ruins of Caesarea, Israel. Beach sand, sand sheets, nebkha, linear and transverse dunes as well as parabolic and transverse interdunes along two transects were sampled in the current study down to their substrate. Sixteen new optically stimulated luminescence ages cluster at ∼5.9–3.3 ka, ∼1.2–1.1 ka (800–900 AD) and ∼190–120 years ago (1825–1895 AD) indicating times of middle and late Holocene sand sheet depositions and historical dune stabilization. The first age cluster indicates that beach sand accumulated when rates of global sea level rise declined around 6–5 ka. Until ∼4 ka sand sheets encroached up to 2.5 km inland. Historical and archaeological evidence points to sand mobilization since the first century AD. Sand sheets dating to 1.2–1.1 ka, coevally found throughout the dunefield represent sand stabilization due to vegetation reestablishment attributed to gradual and fluctuating decline in human activity from the middle Early Islamic period until the 10th century. Historical and chronological evidence of the existence of transverse and coppice dunes from the 19th century suggest that dunes only formed in the last few centuries. The study illustrates the initial role of natural processes, in this case decline in global sea level rise and the primary and later role of fluctuating human activity upon coastal sand mobility. The study distinguishes between sand sheets and dunes and portrays them as sensors of environmental changes.}, keywords = {Coastal dunes Beach–dune systems Stratigraphy OSL Aeolian geoarchaeology Caesarea}, ISSN = {1875-9637}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.09.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875963715000889}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Roskosch, Julia and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Frechen, Manfred}, title = {Luminescence Dating of Fluvial Deposits from the Weser Valley, Germany}, journal = {Geochronometria}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {126-138}, abstract = { Luminescence dating was applied on coarse-grained monomineralic potassium-rich feld-spar and polymineralic fine-grained minerals of five samples derived from fluvial deposits of the Riv-er Weser in northwestern Germany. We used a pulsed infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) single aliquot regenerative (SAR) dose protocol with an IR stimulation at 50°C for 400 s (50 μs on-time and 200 μs off-time). In order to obtain a stable luminescence signal, only off-time IRSL signal was rec-orded. Performance tests gave solid results. Anomalous fading was intended to be reduced by using the pulsed IRSL signal measured at 50°C (IR50), but fading correction was in most cases necessary due to moderate fading rates. Fading uncorrected and corrected pulsed IR50 ages revealed two major fluvial aggradation phases during the Late Pleistocene, namely during marine isotope stage (MIS) 5d (100 ± 5 ka) and from late MIS 5b to MIS 4 (77 ± 6 ka to 68 ± 5 ka). The obtained luminescence ages are consistent with previous 230Th/U dating results from underlying interglacial deposits of the same pit, which are correlated with MIS 7c to early MIS 6. Keywords: pulsed infrared stimulated luminescence; fluvial deposits; independent age control; Late Pleistocene; Weser valley; northern Germany}, ISSN = {18971695}, DOI = {10.1515/geochr-2015-0015}, url = {//www.degruyter.com/view/j/geochr.2015.42.issue-1/geochr-2015-0015/geochr-2015-0015.xml}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Rossetti, Dilce F. and Cohen, Marcelo C. L. and Tatumi, Sonia H. and Sawakuchi, André O. and Cremon, Édipo H. and Mittani, Juan C. R. and Bertani, Thiago C. and Munita, Casimiro J. A. S. and Tudela, Diego R. G. and Yee, Márcio and Moya, Gabriela}, title = {Mid-Late Pleistocene OSL chronology in western Amazonia and implications for the transcontinental Amazon pathway}, journal = {Sedimentary Geology}, volume = {330}, pages = {1-15}, abstract = {The origin of the transcontinental Amazon drainage system remains unrevealed. Sedimentary deposits formed from the Neogene in the Amazonas and Solimões Basins constitute natural archives for reconstructing this event in space and time. However, paleoenvironmental and chronological analyses focusing on these deposits, or even their basic mapping, are still scarce to allow such investigation. In this context, primary interests are fluvial strata related to the lithostratigraphic Içá Formation, mapped over a widespread area in western Amazonian lowlands. Although long regarded as Plio-Pleistocene in age, this unit has not yet been dated and its overall depositional setting remains largely undescribed. The main goal of the present work is to contribute for improving facies analysis and chronology of these deposits, approaching an area in southwestern Amazonia and another in northern Amazonia, which are located more than 1000 km apart. Despite this great distance, the sedimentological and chronological characteristics of deposits from these two areas are analogous. Hence, facies analysis revealed paleoenvironments including active channel, abandoned channel, point bar, crevasse splay and floodplain, which are altogether compatible with meandering fluvial systems. Similarly, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating revealed thirty three ages ranging from 65.4 ± 16.9 to 219.6 ± 25.1 ky (in addition to three outliners of 54.0 ± 7.6, 337.3 ± 36.9 and 346.6 ± 48.6 ky), and nine 97.1 ± 9.9 to 254.8 ± 23.8 ky for the areas in southwestern and northern Amazonia, respectively. These data lead to establish that deposits mapped as Içá Formation over a vast area of western Brazilian Amazonia have a Mid-Late Pleistocene age, rather than the previously inferred Plio-Pleistocene age. It follows that if Plio-Pleistocene deposits exist in this region they remain to be dated and must be restricted to a narrow belt in western Amazonia, as well as isolated occurrences underlying the Mid-Late Pleistocene strata characterized herein. The combination of data from this work with previously published provenance studies supports main Andean sediment sources only in the Mid-Late Pleistocene. It is proposed that before this time, the Amazon River was restricted to eastern Amazonia, being separated from western Amazonian drainage basins due to the presence of the Purus Arch. Erosion and/or subsidence of this geological feature would have promoted the connection of these drainage systems, ultimately with the expressive record of the transcontinental Amazon pathway into the Atlantic Ocean in the Mid-Late Pleistocene.}, keywords = {OSL ages Paleoenvironment Fluvial systems Mid-Late Pleistocene Amazon reversal}, ISSN = {0037-0738}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.10.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073815002092}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Rui, Xue and Zhang, Jia-Fu and Hou, Ya-Mei and Yang, Ze-Meng and Liu, Yang and Zhen, Zi-Ming and Zhou, Li-Ping}, title = {Feldspar multi-elevated-temperature post-IR IRSL dating of the Wulanmulun Paleolithic site and its implication}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {438-444}, abstract = {The Wulanmulun site found in 2010 is an important Paleolithic site in Ordos (China), from which lots of stone and bone artifacts and mammalian fossils have been recovered. It was previously dated by radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques on quartz. To further confirm the reliability of the chronology constructed based on OSL ages and test the applicability of the recently developed pIRIR procedure on sediments from northern China, twenty-four sediment samples (including eolian, lacustrine and fluvio-eolian sands) from the site were determined using the multi-elevated-temperature post-IR IRSL (MET-pIRIR or pIRIR) procedure on potassium feldspar. The results show that the studied samples have two MET-pIRIR De preheat plateaus (280–320 and 340–360 °C), and the bleaching rates of the luminescence signals are associated with sample ages and stimulation temperatures. All the pIRIR ages (7–155 ka) corrected for anomalous fading and residual dose obtained after solar bleaching for 15 h are larger than the corresponding quartz OSL ages (4–66 ka) previously determined, even for the young eolian samples (<10 ka). But the corrected IRSL(50 °C) ages (6–85 ka) are broadly consistent with the quartz ages. It appears that the IRSL(50 °C) ages are more reliable, although this contradicts the previously results obtained by other people. On the other hand, we also obtained an extended age plateau between the stimulation temperatures of 50 and 290 °C in the plot of age versus stimulation temperature (A-T plot) by subtracting different residual doses obtained after different bleaching times. The reliability of the plateau ages requires further investigation. For the sediment samples from this site, quartz should be more suitable for dating than K-feldspar, and the quartz OSL ages of 50–65 ka for its cultural layer should be reliable.}, keywords = {Potassium feldspar Luminescence dating MET-pIRIR procedure Residual dose subtraction Preheat plateau Extended age plateau Wulanmulun Paleolithic site}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300194}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Sabtu, Siti Norbaini and Mahat, Rosli Hj and Amin, Yusoff Mohd and Price, David M. and Bradley, D. A. and Maah, Mohd Jamil}, title = {Thermoluminescence dating analysis at the site of an ancient brick structure at Pengkalan Bujang, Malaysia}, journal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes}, volume = {105}, pages = {182-187}, abstract = {Bujang Valley is a well-known historical complex found in the north-west of peninsular Malaysia; more than 50 ancient monuments and hundreds of artefacts have been discovered throughout the area. The discovery of these suggests Bujang Valley to have been an important South East Asian trading centre over the period from the 10th to 14th centuries. Present work concerns thermoluminescence (TL) dating analysis of shards collected from a historic monument located at Pengkalan Bujang in Bujang Valley. All the shards were prepared using the fine grain technique and the additive dose method was applied in determining the paleodose of each shard. The annual dose rate was obtained by measuring the concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides (U, Th and K) in the samples and their surroundings. The TL ages of the shards were found to range between 330±21 years and 920±69 years, indicative of the last firing of the bricks and tiles from which the shards originated, some dating back to the period during which the historical complex remained active.}, keywords = {Bujang Valley Fine grain technique Additive dose technique Thermoluminescence dating}, ISSN = {0969-8043}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.08.024}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804315301640}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Salcher, Bernhard C. and Starnberger, Reinhard and Götz, Joachim}, title = {The last and penultimate glaciation in the North Alpine Foreland: New stratigraphical and chronological data from the Salzach glacier}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {388}, pages = {218-231}, abstract = {The Northern Alpine Foreland was repeatedly covered by massive piedmont glaciers during Quaternary glacial maxima. The Salzach palaeoglacier lobe (Austria/Germany) was the easternmost of a series of Pleistocene piedmont glaciers entering the foreland through major alpine valleys. It covered an area of more than 1000 km2 during at least four glacial maxima. Here we aim to bring more light into its history by analyzing multiple drill log data, two major outcrops, topographic data, and absolute chronologies of sediments. Stratigraphic and lithofacies investigations are focused on proximal (i.e. near the lobe axis) and distal (i.e. near terminal moraine) deposits of the Salzach glacier lobe. The glacial carving into the Miocene bedrock occurred during early glacial maxima and was rather uniform across the lobe with larger values only in the proximal parts of the glacier. More than 100 m of accumulated sediments during later glacial maxima indicate a change in ice-sheet dynamics and a characteristic sequence development which varies from proximal to distal lobe positions. New luminescence ages suggest a depositional focus at the penultimate glacial period while the impact of the LGM was rather minor. Sediments of gravelly braided-rivers dominate the proximal parts of the former lobe where meltwater discharge was generally high, while sheetflood deposits dominate the distal, near terminal lobe positions.}, keywords = {Stratigraphy Lithofacies Luminescence dating North Alpine Foreland Glacier lobe Glaciofluvial sediments}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.076}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215010368}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Schellmann, Gerhard and Radtke, Ulrich}, title = {Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating of Coral}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {27}, pages = {234-239}, abstract = {Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating Definition Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating. Radiation exposure dating method using radiation-sensitive ESR signals, which operate like natural dosimeters. An ESR age calculation derives from the ratio of the accumulated dose (DE) of a sample to the background natural radioactivity within a range of 30 cm and cosmic doses. Introduction Electron spin resonance (ESR; sometimes called electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR) dating of corals has become an efficient tool in earth sciences for paleoenvironmental studies on coral reef terraces in the last 20 years. The first systematic studies and geochronological applications of ESR dating of corals started in the 1980s and early 1990s. They were carried out on sites with raised coral reef tracts in southern Japan (e.g., Ikeya and Ohmura, 1983; Ikeya, 1983), in Haiti (Skinner, 1985), and in Barbados (Radtke and Grün, 1988; Radtke et al., 1988; Grün et al., 1992). Since then, several methodological improvements and the development of more stable and high-resolution ESR spectrometers have significantly increased the quality of ESR dating results. The latter is strongly supported by the comparison of ESR dating results with radiocarbon (14C) and TIMS 230Th/234U data (see below). By ESR dating of raised coral reef terraces, it is possible to distinguish between the major periods of high sea level during the last 500,000 years but also to differentiate between submaxima, for example, the submaxima MIS 5a-1 (c. 74 ka), MIS 5a-2 (c. 85 ka), MIS 5c (c. 105 ka), MIS 5e-1 (c. 118 ka), and MIS 5e-2,3 (ca. 128–132 ka), during the MIS 5 sea-level highstand (e.g., Schellmann et al., 2004; Schellmann and Radtke, 2004a). However, an accurate differentiation between MIS 9, MIS 11, and older sea-level maxima is often limited by considerable alterations and recrystallization processes within these older coral samples. Also, the problem of natural “ESR rejuvenation,” which is the recombination of electrons that increases until a natural equilibrium is reached, must be addressed (e.g., Grün, 1989; Rink, 1997; Jonas, 1997). Physically, the upper dating limit of the ESR method is defined by this natural equilibrium limit. Despite this, weak weathering and slight recrystallization from a primary aragonite to a calcite coral fabric, which defines age rejuvenation effects, often cause a progressive underestimation of ESR ages before this upper dating limit is reached.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_27}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_27}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Scherler, Dirk and Bookhagen, Bodo and Wulf, Hendrik and Preusser, Frank and Strecker, Manfred R.}, title = {Increased late Pleistocene erosion rates during fluvial aggradation in the Garhwal Himalaya, northern India}, journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, volume = {428}, pages = {255-266}, abstract = {The response of surface processes to climatic forcing is fundamental for understanding the impacts of climate change on landscape evolution. In the Himalaya, most large rivers feature prominent fill terraces that record an imbalance between sediment supply and transport capacity, presumably due to past fluctuations in monsoon precipitation and/or effects of glaciation at high elevation. Here, we present volume estimates, chronological constraints, and 10Be-derived paleo-erosion rates from a prominent valley fill in the Yamuna catchment, Garhwal Himalaya, to elucidate the coupled response of rivers and hillslopes to Pleistocene climate change. Although precise age control is complicated due to methodological problems, the new data support formation of the valley fill during the late Pleistocene and its incision during the Holocene. We interpret this timing to indicate that changes in discharge and river-transport capacity were major controls. Compared to the present day, late Pleistocene hillslope erosion rates were higher by a factor of ∼2–4, but appear to have decreased during valley aggradation. The higher late Pleistocene erosion rates are largely unrelated to glacial erosion and could be explained by enhanced sediment production on steep hillslopes due to increased periglacial activity that declined as temperatures increased. Alternatively, erosion rates that decrease during valley aggradation are also consistent with reduced landsliding from threshold hillslopes as a result of rising base levels. In that case, the similarity of paleo-erosion rates near the end of the aggradation period with modern erosion rates might imply that channels and hillslopes are not yet fully coupled everywhere and that present-day hillslope erosion rates may underrepresent long-term incision rates.}, keywords = {paleo-erosion rates climate change river terraces landscape evolution hillslopes Himalaya}, ISSN = {0012-821X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.034}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15003970}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Schmidt, Christoph and Friedrich, Johannes and Zöller, Ludwig}, title = {Thermochronometry using red TL of quartz? – Numerical simulation and observations from in-situ drill-hole samples}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {98-103}, abstract = {As the lifetime of trapped charge in meta-stable states in natural crystals is a function of ambient temperature, the trapped charge concentration – measured for example by ESR or luminescence methods – should contain information on a rock's thermal history. Experiments and modelling, however, confirm that quartz OSL saturates at dose levels too low to be used for thermochronometry in mountain ranges other than tectonically very active Alpine orogens. That is why we propose red TL (RTL) of quartz as a geothermometer that saturates at doses one to two orders of magnitude higher than OSL. We compare numerical simulations of TL glow curves as would be expected at different depths below surface with RTL measurements obtained for samples from a recent drill-hole in the granitic basement of the Variscan Fichtelgebirge (Germany). Natural TL glow curves document gradual thermal erosion of the high temperature (>300 °C) TL with increasing ambient temperature. Moreover, additive RTL dose response of these samples indicates that signals are not in field saturation for ambient temperatures as low as 25 °C, most probably for even lower temperatures. The sample collected near the surface showed an uncommon dose response behaviour.}, keywords = {Luminescence Quartz Red thermoluminescence Thermochronology}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300056}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Schmidt, Christoph and Kindermann, Karin and van Peer, Philip and Bubenzer, Olaf}, title = {Multi-emission luminescence dating of heated chert from the Middle Stone Age sequence at Sodmein Cave (Red Sea Mountains, Egypt)}, journal = {Journal of Archaeological Science}, volume = {63}, pages = {94-103}, abstract = {Sodmein Cave in Egypt is one of the rare archaeological sites in north-eastern Africa conserving human occupation remains of a period most relevant for the ‘Out of Africa II’ hypothesis. This underlines the need for establishing a chronological framework for the more than 4 m of stratified sediments ranging from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) to the Neolithic. The lowest layer J hosts huge fireplaces, from which we report luminescence ages of heated chert fragments unearthed from different depths. The ‘multi-emission’ dating approach – using both the blue and red TL of each specimen as well as the OSL emission of one sample – allowed identifying the most reliable ages. Samples yield ages between <121 ± 15 ka (maximum age) and 87 ± 9 ka. These data evidence human presence at the site during MIS 5. For integrating Sodmein Cave into the actual discussion of the dispersal patterns of modern humans and to identify potential connections with other sites in the Nile Valley and in the Middle East, a sound and reliable chronology is indispensable.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Burnt chert Burnt flint Egypt Out of Africa II Middle Stone Age}, ISSN = {0305-4403}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440315002629}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Schuldenrein, Joseph}, title = {Refining landscape contexts for open-air, Lower and Middle Paleolithic sites: a case study from Muthanna Province, Southern Iraq}, journal = {Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {257-273}, abstract = {Open-air Paleolithic sites in desert and semiarid landscapes provide interpretive quandaries because of the absence of depositional matrices and stratigraphic controls. This paper argues that datable and stratified vertical contexts may be preserved in the vicinity of open-air artifact scatters. These, in turn, may account for paleo-environmental conditions that would have attracted Paleolithic groups. The site in question is in the Southern Iraqi desert, a locale heretofore terra incognita for early hominin activity. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates were taken from ancient spring and dune deposits in a depression flanking the hamada surfaces on which the artifact distributions were found. Geochemical and granulometric studies were used to reconstruct the depositional histories of the spring locale, and the dates were projected onto contemporary oxygen isotope curves that serve as proxies for the climatic cycles operational across the greater Near East. The advent of OSL dating provides a new window for dating events and environments linked to Paleolithic chronologies. The locations of surface scatters may signify preservation of nearby micro-environments which could be proxies for structuring landscape and occupational chronologies.}, keywords = {Paleolithic OSL Iraq Geochemistry Oxygen isotope}, ISSN = {1866-9557}, DOI = {10.1007/s12520-014-0215-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-014-0215-2}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Sears, DerekW G.}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Meteorites}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {195}, pages = {430-431}, abstract = {Thermoluminescence is the light produced as a result of heating. In crystalline silicate rocks, there are a variety of possible energy levels at which electrons can reside, such as the valence band and the conduction band. Ionizing radiation passing through the crystals can transfer to the electrons sufficient energy to promote them from the valence band to the conduction band where they freely move through the crystal lattice. If they locate “traps,” they can remain at an elevated energy level. Traps are typically lattice defects or impurity ions, an important example being Mn2+ substituting for Ca2+ in a silicate lattice. Calcium is an abundant element, and Ca-bearing minerals are common in meteorites, most notably as the mineral plagioclase, a Ca aluminosilicate. The traps are typically an electron volt or so below the conduction band, and this energy has to be supplied to release them. One means of supplying the required energy is by heating the crystal. Once released, the excited electrons can find their way to the ground state by way of a “luminescence center” when their excitation energy is released as a photon, normally in the visible range. The number of excited electrons determines the intensity of light emitted, and the temperature at which it is emitted, as the crystal is heated, is determined by the depth of the trap below the conduction band. Deeper traps require higher heating temperatures. Being a solid-state property, there is a distribution of traps about some mean value, and the release of electrons from traps is governed by a probability function, e.g., the Arrhenius equation, so TL peaks are fairly broad. In addition, there are usually many kinds of trap in a typical crystal lattice, so there are multiple overlapping peaks in a typical experiment. The data are recorded as light emitted as a function of heating temperature, and the resulting plot is called the “glow curve.” Meteorites have a wide variety of composition and mineralogy, but plagioclase is present in most of them and gives rise to their thermoluminescence. There are a few exceptions, in which plagioclase is absent and the thermoluminescence is produced by pyroxene, an Mg silicate. Pyroxene has at least two types of trap, one being Mn2+ substituting for Mg2+, but pyroxene luminescence is “quenched” (destroyed) in the presence of Fe2+ which provides pathways for the electrons to reach the ground state without a visible transition. A recent review of the application of thermoluminescence to the studies of extraterrestrial materials is given by Sears et al. (2013). The thermoluminescence mechanism enables several potential means of dating a meteorite. An early idea was that the traps were dislocations caused by radiation damage so that the number of traps built up with time and thus provided a “clock.” The basis of the idea was an observed correlation between induced TL and potassium-argon age (Komovsky, 1961). Induced TL (sometimes referred to as “artificial TL” in the early literature) is the TL signal obtained by draining the meteorite of its natural TL and exposing the meteorite to a standard test dose of radiation in the laboratory. The idea of induced TL as a clock has not withstood the test of time, however, since exposure to radiation doses and fluencies greater than the meteorite experienced in nature do not change the induced TL response (Sears, 1980). Instead, it seems that meteorites with low induced TL and too young potassium-argon ages have experienced severe shock-heating events that melted the plagioclase and caused the loss of Ar. Thus, while induced TL failed as a proposed chronometer, it succeeded as a new means of evaluating the shock-heating history of meteorites. Thermoluminescence dating applications that have been proposed and developed in the literature and that have some degree of success are as follows:}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_195}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_195}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Sebe, Krisztina and Roetzel, Reinhard and Fiebig, Markus and Lüthgens, Christopher}, title = {Pleistocene wind system in eastern Austria and its impact on landscape evolution}, journal = {CATENA}, volume = {134}, pages = {59-74}, abstract = {During cold periods in the Quaternary, the intracontinental Pannonian Basin was part of the European periglacial zone, and aeolian erosion had a profound effect in shaping the landscape. Geomorphologically most effective winds were channelled between the Alps and Carpathians and entered the Pannonian Basin from the NW. To assess the nature of meteorological conditions producing these winds, field studies were carried out in the foreland of the basin entrance, in eastern Austria. As a result, we report on the first bedrock ventifacts from Austria and aeolian sand occurrence in the Bohemian Massif. Through a compilation of published data and field work, the distribution of ventifacts was mapped and appears to be controlled primarily by available lithologies. Palaeo-wind directions were identified using mesoforms of bedrock ventifacts, especially flutes. The acquired air flow directions are accordant with the orientation of erosional landforms on soft sediments and form a coherent system, with westerly to north-westerly winds in the west, which turn towards the entrance of the Pannonian Basin in the east. There are no directions referring to the direct influence of katabatic winds produced on the ice sheet, instead, the wind system must have been driven by synoptic-scale patterns like the polar front. The narrow distribution of wind directions suggests that the low-altitude air flow system was relatively stable even without a funnelling topography as in the Pannonian Basin, though the Alps could have acted to deflect the winds. OSL data from the Bohemian Massif indicate aeolian sand movement during the Late Pleistocene. The results provide data for aeolian transport studies, among them for loess provenance analyses and can be used as input for climate models.}, keywords = {Ventifacts Aeolian erosion Wind direction Periglacial Pleistocene Austria}, ISSN = {0341-8162}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.02.004}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816215000466}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Sewell, R. J. and Parry, S. and Millis, S. W. and Wang, N. and Rieser, U. and DeWitt, R.}, title = {Dating of debris flow fan complexes from Lantau Island, Hong Kong, China: The potential relationship between landslide activity and climate change}, journal = {Geomorphology}, volume = {248}, pages = {205-227}, abstract = {Five debris flow fan complexes bordering the coastal foothills of western Lantau Island, Hong Kong, have been the subject of a stratigraphic and dating study to explore the potential relationship between past periods of climate change and landslide activity. Luminescence (OSL) ages from the fan complexes, supported by a few calibrated radiocarbon (14C) ages on duplicate samples, suggest six main periods of accumulation: 28,000–20,000 ka, 14,500–10,500 ka, 5800–5000 ka, 4370–4230 ka, 3560–3320 ka, and 1350–1050 ka. The younger periods (< 10,000 ka) appear to be dominated by relatively thin (0.5–1.5 m) units deposited mainly by debris flood events whereas the older periods are dominated by thicker (1.0–3.5 m) units deposited by debris flow events. We hypothesise that immediately prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, i.e., 21,000 ka), the climate was cool and dry. Upland areas were probably devoid of vegetation, providing favourable conditions for sediment production in source areas. These debris-laden source areas are likely to have been mobilised during periodic rainstorm activity, rapidly channelised over relatively short drainage courses, and then deposited as thick, sediment-rich, debris flow deposits along the coastal foothills. During the early to middle Holocene, the climate was warmer and more humid. Pluvial conditions dominated; forests occupied the upland source areas, leading to possibly reduced sediment yields, more frequent flash floods and deposition dominated by debris floods. Compared with recent studies on the weathering and erosion history of the Pearl River Delta, our landslide age data are indicative of a potential link between increased landslide activity and intensification of the East Asian monsoon during the early to middle Holocene.}, keywords = {Climate change Debris flow fans Hong Kong Landslides Late Quaternary Luminescence dating}, ISSN = {0169-555X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.041}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X15301069}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Sfampa, I. K. and Polymeris, G. S. and Pagonis, V. and Theodosoglou, E. and Tsirliganis, N. C. and Kitis, G.}, title = {Correlation of basic TL, OSL and IRSL properties of ten K-feldspar samples of various origins}, journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms}, volume = {359}, pages = {89-98}, abstract = {Feldspars stand among the most widely used minerals in dosimetric methods of dating using thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL). Having very good dosimetric properties, they can in principle contribute to the dating of every site of archaeological and geological interest. The present work studies basic properties of ten naturally occurring K-feldspar samples belonging to three feldspar species, namely sanidine, orthoclase and microcline. The basic properties studied are (a) the influence of blue light and infrared stimulation on the thermoluminescence glow-curves, (b) the growth of OSL, IRSL, residual TL and TL-loss as a function of OSL and IRSL bleaching time and (c) the correlation between the OSL and IRSL signals and the energy levels responsible for the TL glow-curve. All experimental data were fitted using analytical expressions derived from a recently developed tunneling recombination model. The results show that the analytical expressions provide excellent fits to all experimental results, thus verifying the tunneling recombination mechanism in these materials and providing valuable information about the concentrations of luminescence centers.}, keywords = {Thermoluminescence Optically stimulated luminescence Infrared stimulated luminescence Anomalous fading Tunneling recombination luminescence}, ISSN = {0168-583X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2015.07.106}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X15006849}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Shao, Qingfeng and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Wang, Wei and Zhu, Min and Voinchet, Pierre and Lin, Min and Douville, Eric}, title = {Coupled ESR and U-series dating of early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus faunas at Mohui and Sanhe Caves, Guangxi, southern China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {524-528}, abstract = {Several caves of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, southern China, have delivered Gigantopithecus blacki remains, an extinct Pleistocene giant ape, in association with abundant mammalian faunas. To determine their geological ages, fossil teeth from Mohui and Sanhe Caves were dated using the coupled ESR/U-series method. The teeth from Mohui Cave gave age estimates of 1.69 ± 0.22 Ma and 1.29 ± 0.11 Ma. The Sanhe Cave samples had age estimates ranging from 910 ± 200 ka to 600 ± 150 ka with error weighted mean ages of 890 ± 130 ka and 720 ± 90 ka for the layers 5 and 4, respectively. Our results and previous paleomagnestism data place the Gigantopithecus fauna at Mohui Cave between Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons and suggest that it was coeval with Chuifeng, Longgupo and Liucheng assemblages. The Sanhe fauna is younger, of late early Pleistocene age, and can be dated to the period between Jaramillo subchron and B/M boundary.}, keywords = {Coupled ESR/U-series dating Gigantopithecus fauna Mohui Cave Sanhe Cave}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300091}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Shen, HongYuan and Yu, LuPeng and Zhang, HongMei and Zhao, Min and Lai, ZhongPing}, title = {OSL and radiocarbon dating of flood deposits and its paleoclimatic and archaeological implications in the Yihe River Basin, East China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {398-404}, abstract = {Flood is a kind of serious nature disaster, so studies on the palaeofloods are the keys to understand the mechanisms and their relationships with climatic change, geomorphologic evolution and civilization evolution are of great importance. The floods happened frequently in the Yihe-Shuhe River Basin in history, forming the alluvial plain and affecting the evolution of the ancient civilization. However, the complex sediment sources and depositional processes make the flood deposits difficult to be dated and consequently hinder our understanding to the palaeofloods. In this study, we present twelve Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages and four AMS 14C ages of flood deposits to study the palaeoflood activities in the Yihe River Basin and its palaeoclimatic and archaeological implications. The youngest OSL age of 0.19 ± 0.02 ka at the depth of 0.5 m shows that the residual OSL age, if any, must be much smaller than this amount, and the well comparison between OSL ages and AMS 14C ages further confirm that the flood deposits could be well bleached before buried and consequently the OSL ages are not overestimated. The source of sediments from ground surface in the mountain regions in the upper stream and the special characteristic of quartz might have contributed to the sufficiently bleaching. Consequently, OSL dating has the potential to offer reliable chronology for the flood deposits. The extraordinary floods happened at 4.1–3.8 ka, 3.3–3.0 ka and 0.9–0.1 ka correspond to the global abrupt climatic events, demonstrating that the extreme floods might be caused by or be parts of these climatic instabilities in monsoonal China. The flood happened at 4.1–3.8 ka might have directly caused the decline of the highly developed late Neolithic civilization (Longshan Culture) in the Yihe-Shuhe River Basin.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Flood deposits Late Neolithic ruins Late Holocene Longshan Culture Environmental archaeology}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000540}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Shen, Ji and Wang, Yong and Zhu, Yun}, title = {OSL Chronology of the Sand Hills of Xingkai Lake, Northeast China and Its Implication for Environmental Changes Since 200 kyr BP}, booktitle = {Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Changes in East Asia}, editor = {Kashiwaya, Kenji and Shen, Ji and Kim, Ju Yong}, publisher = {Springer Japan}, chapter = {3}, pages = {45-61}, abstract = {Xingkai (Khanka) Lake, on the Sino-Russian boundary, is the largest freshwater lake in northeast Asia. It features multiple sand hills to its northern bank formed since the late Pleistocene when the lake surface was larger. High-accuracy chronology is needed to constrain the age of different historical high water level (big-lake) periods, in order to understand the relationship between climate and environmental change. We first tried to use the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating method to date 18 quartz samples from the four sand hills of Xingkai Lake. The analysis of grain-size and magnetic susceptibility (MS) for the nearest two sections were also undertaken to understand the formation mechanism of the sand hills. The OSL chronology indicates that there had been four big-lake periods at 193–183, 136–130, 24–15 and 3–0 kyr BP, respectively. From regional comparisons, we found that these big-lake periods were associated with relatively colder climates, broadly corresponding to the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6, MIS 2 and the late Holocene. This hypothesis is supported by further high resolution OSL chronology for a sediment core XK from Xingkai Lake. OSL chronology for this core reveals contrasting higher sedimentation rates in MIS 6, MIS 4, MIS 2 and late Holocene, compared to other periods. The higher sedimentation rates associated with the cold periods may be related to the rapid accumulation of the <16 μm fraction sediment (comprising more than 80–90 % sediment of core XK) under relatively static water conditions.}, keywords = {Xingkai (Khanka) Lake Sand hills OSL dating 200 kyr BP Big-lake periods}, ISBN = {978-4-431-55539-1}, DOI = {10.1007/978-4-431-55540-7_3}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55540-7_3}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Shi, Xuhua and Kirby, Eric and Furlong, Kevin P. and Meng, Kai and Robinson, Ruth and Wang, Erchie}, title = {Crustal strength in central Tibet determined from Holocene shoreline deflection around Siling Co}, journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, volume = {423}, number = {0}, pages = {145-154}, abstract = {Controversial end member models for the growth and evolution of the Tibetan Plateau demand quantitative constraints of the lithospheric rheology. Direct determinations of bulk crustal rheology, however, remain relatively sparse. Here we use the flexural rebound of lacustrine shorelines developed during the Lingtong highstand around Siling Co, in central Tibet, to place bounds on the effective elastic thickness ( T e ) and viscosity of Tibetan crust. Shoreline features associated with the Lingtong highstand complex ∼60 m above present lake level are deflected from horizontal by 2–4 m over wavelengths of ∼200 km. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of aggradational shoreline deposits indicates that these lake levels were reached at 6–4 ka. Assuming that surface loads were entirely supported by an elastic layer overlying an inviscid fluid, the range and spatial distribution of variations in shoreline elevation are consistent with deflections predicted by a uniform elastic plate with thickness, T e of 20–30 km. If viscoelastic relaxation in response to lake withdrawal is complete, our data suggest an average viscosity ≤ 10 19   Pa s . These results imply that the apparent viscosity of the lower crust inferred over millennial timescales is comparable with that estimated from post-seismic relaxation over decadal timescale.}, keywords = {crustal strength Tibetan Plateau lake shoreline effective elastic thickness viscosity}, ISSN = {0012-821X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X15002915}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Shin, Jaeryul}, title = {Stratigraphy and geochronology of quaternary marine terraces of Tasmania, Southeastern Australia: implications on neotectonism}, journal = {Geosciences Journal}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {429-443}, abstract = {This study documents emergent marine terraces of Tasmania in Southeast Australia that are commonly observed along the coasts with both the distribution and elevation of terraces varying around the island. The primary objective is to document existence, characteristics and geochronology of little known terrace sequences on each coastline and to establish correlations between them. In order to address variability in uplift in Tasmania this study attempts to correlate uplift records from a number of widely separated locations. Quartz OSL dating technique was applied to constrain the age of the late Quaternary terrace sequences. The results imply that the time-integrated uplift rates around the Tasmanian coasts ranged from 40 m/Ma to 112 m/Ma since the last interglacial period, suggesting a non-uniform uplift during the late Quaternary. In addition, likely Miocene paleo-shorelines ranging 160 to 270 m around Tasmania show a similar pattern with the non-uniform uplift during the Late Neogene. The vertical motion of Tasmania within a horizontal length scale of order 100 kms and amplitude of order 100 m accords well with the dynamic topography records documented elsewhere in Southern Australia over the Neogene. Key words Quaternary marine terrace OSL dating non-uniform uplift intraplate tectonics Tasmania }, keywords = {Quaternary marine terrace OSL dating non-uniform uplift intraplate tectonics Tasmania}, ISSN = {1226-4806}, DOI = {10.1007/s12303-013-0046-7}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12303-013-0046-7}, year = {2013}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Sier, Mark J. and Peeters, Jan and Dekkers, Mark J. and Parés, Josep M. and Chang, Liao and Busschers, Freek S. and Cohen, Kim M. and Wallinga, Jakob and Bunnik, Frans P. M. and Roebroeks, Wil}, title = {The Blake Event recorded near the Eemian type locality – A diachronic onset of the Eemian in Europe}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {28}, number = {0}, pages = {12-28}, abstract = {Multidisciplinary analysis including paleomagnetic, sedimentologic, sea-level change, luminescence dating and palynologic research was performed on a 25 m long orientated core taken at Rutten, close to Eemian key localities in the Netherlands. The main goal of our research was to test a possible delayed onset of temperate conditions in this region compared to Southern Europe, occurring within the Last Interglacial. The sediments revealed the presence of the paleomagnetic Blake Event in ca. 10 m of lower-deltaic floodbasin sediments that contain a pollen record covering the Eemian. The position of the Blake Event in relation to the pollen stratigraphy concurs with the earlier studied Neumark Nord 2 site. Paleomagnetic correlation to core MD95-2042 off SW Iberia indicates ca. 5 kyr diachroneity between the pollen-based onset of temperate interglacial conditions between northern and southern Europe. The onset of the Eemian in north-western and central Europe (ca. 121.0 ka) post-dates the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5e transition by ca. 10 kyr. In addition, the Rutten data provide evidence for a relatively long duration of the Blake Event of at least 8 kyr. The late onset of the temperate conditions that define the base of the Eemian, imply that NW Europe with the Eemian type area is not the most suited region to define the beginning of the Last Interglacial and Late Pleistocene for global chronostratigraphic use.}, keywords = {Land-sea correlation Last interglacial MIS 5e Paleomagnetism Southern North Sea Basin}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000527}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Simkins, Lauren Miller and Simms, Alexander Ray and Dewitt, Regina}, title = {Assessing the link between coastal morphology, wave energy and sea ice throughout the Holocene from Antarctic raised beaches}, journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science}, volume = {30}, number = {4}, pages = {335-348}, abstract = {Post-glacial rebound has preserved beaches across many ice-free parts of the Antarctic coastline. These beaches typically contain gravel- to boulder-sized deposits and are built by high-magnitude waves. Five new ages from the western Antarctic Peninsula were added to a compilation of 282 published ages from Antarctic beaches. A reduced compilation based solely on those ages that date beach formation is used to assess variations in beach formation throughout the Holocene around Antarctica. We suggest the clustering of beach ages – centered at 0.8 and 2.4 ka in the Antarctic Peninsula, 1.5, 3.6 and 6.0 ka in the Ross Sea, and a broad peak from 2.7 to 6.3 ka in East Antarctica – indicates periods of heightened wave exposure leading to increased beach formation. Measurements of clast roundness from raised beaches show more rounded material is coincident with periods of heightened beach formation, providing an independent means of assessing wave climate. A comparison of periods of increased beach formation with available sea-ice proxies suggests beach formation is synchronous with reduced sea-ice conditions and thus higher wave climate. As the presence or absence of sea ice determines open-water conditions, the factors that control sea ice directly influence Antarctic coastal evolution.}, keywords = {Antarctica beaches climate sea ice wave energy}, ISSN = {1099-1417}, DOI = {10.1002/jqs.2782}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2782}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Singh, S. Joychandra and Karmakar, Mahua and Singh, S. Dorendrajit}, title = {On the determination of the order of kinetics in thermoluminescence by peak-shape method}, journal = {Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Techniques & Plasma Phenomena}, volume = {168}, number = {5}, pages = {352-357}, note = {Singh, S. Joychandra 1 Karmakar, Mahua 2; Email Address: mahua_apc@yahoo.com Singh, S. Dorendrajit 3; Affiliation: 1: Ballistics Division, Manipur State Police Forensic Laboratory, Pangei Yangdong-795 114, Manipur, India 2: Department of Physics, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 131, West Bengal, India 3: Department of Physics, School of Science, Manipur University, Canchipur, West Imphal, 795 003, Manipur, India; Source Info: May2013, Vol. 168 Issue 5, p352; Subject Term: THERMOLUMINESCENCE; Subject Term: ACTIVATION energy; Subject Term: THERMALLY stimulated currents; Subject Term: LUMINESCENCE; Subject Term: CHEMICAL kinetics; Subject Term: POTENTIAL energy; Subject Term: ANALYTICAL mechanics; Author-Supplied Keyword: activation energy; Author-Supplied Keyword: order of kinetics; Author-Supplied Keyword: peak-shape method; Author-Supplied Keyword: thermoluminescence; Number of Pages: 6p; Illustrations: 3 Charts, 1 Graph; Document Type: Article}, abstract = {The application of the peak-shape method in the kinetic order model of thermoluminescence (TL) is mainly confined to the determination of activation energy. However, the order of kinetics cannot be accurately evaluated by this method because of the weak dependence of the geometrical shape factor μgonum(=E/kTm,E=activation energy,Tm=peak temperature,k=Boltzman constant) apart from the strong dependence on the order of kineticsb. In the present work, for the first time, a method has been suggested for the determination of the order of kinetics by taking into account the weak dependence of μgonum. The suitability of the method has been tested by applying it to both numerically generated and experimental TL peaks of TLD-100 and albite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids: Incorporating Plasma Techniques & Plasma Phenomena is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)}, keywords = {THERMOLUMINESCENCE ACTIVATION energy THERMALLY stimulated currents LUMINESCENCE CHEMICAL kinetics POTENTIAL energy ANALYTICAL mechanics order of kinetics peak-shape method}, ISSN = {10420150}, DOI = {10.1080/10420150.2013.771358}, url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=86645887&site=ehost-live&scope=site}, year = {2013}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Sitzia, Luca and Bertran, Pascal and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Bateman, Mark D. and Hernandez, Marion and Garon, Henri and de Lafontaine, Guillaume and Mercier, Norbert and Leroyer, Chantal and Queffelec, Alain and Voinchet, Pierre}, title = {The Quaternary coversands of southwest France}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {124}, pages = {84-105}, abstract = {Detailed stratigraphic analysis and numerical dating (OSL, IRSL, ESR, 14C) of Pleistocene coversands in southwest France enable the construction of a renewed chronostratigraphic framework for sand deposition. The chronological data obtained from sandsheet units testify to the development of transgressive dunefields since at least the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 10). Three main phases of accumulation occurred during the Last Glacial. The oldest one (64–42 ka) is associated with wet sandsheet facies, histic horizons and zibar-type dune fields, which reflect deposition in a context strongly influenced by the groundwater table. The Late Pleniglacial (24–14 ka) corresponds to the main phase of coversand extension in a drier context. Silty gley horizons suggest, however, local interruptions of sand drifting during GS 2.1. Lateglacial stabilization of the coversands may not have occurred before GI-1c (Allerød), which was typified by the development of cumulic arenosols. These were covered by parabolic dunes during the Younger Dryas. The variations in extent of the emerged continental shelf during the glacial–interglacial cycles may explain the uneven geographical distribution of sand deposition through time. Because of coastline retreat up to 100 km north of 45°N during the LGM lowstand, the coversands were unable to reach the northern part of the basin. Comparison with other European regions highlights stronger affinities of the French record with Portugal than with the Netherlands and Great Britain, probably because of reduced influence of permafrost.}, keywords = {Coversand Southwest France OSL ESR Middle and Late Pleistocene Palaeosols}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.019}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115300287}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Skinner, Anne}, title = {Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {6}, pages = {246-255}, abstract = {Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) Definitions Electron spin resonance: The identification of paramagnetic species through absorption of energy in an external magnetic field. Electron spin resonance dating: The determination of burial age through measurement of the concentration of free radicals created by natural radiation. Introduction To understand electron resonance (ESR) dating, one must, clearly, first understand the principles of electron spin resonance spectroscopy. As the name shows, these principles begin with the nature of atomic structure – a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The technique of ESR spectroscopy was first developed by Zavoisky in 1944. Since then applications have been developed in multiple fields of chemistry and physics, as well as the potential for dating in geology, paleontology, and archaeology. An excellent summary can be found in Rink (1997). Quantum theory tells us that all systems have a definite energy. Every spectroscopic method involves transitions between two states due to input of energy to a material. If the energy provided to the system exactly matches the difference between two states (resonance), the system can be moved from one state to a higher one, and this yields an absorption signal. Transitions from higher to lower levels also occur, and the emitted energy again provides a measure of the difference in energy between levels. Common techniques in chemistry and physics, defined by the relevant range of the electromagnetic spectrum, are optical spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. ESR spectroscopy almost always involves absorption of energy in the microwave region. For atoms and molecules, these states can be defined by a series of quantum numbers that are related to angular momentum. ESR spectroscopy, as the name suggests, is concerned with transitions of electrons between states of differing electron spin. As a spinning electric charge, electrons possess a magnetic moment. The interaction of this moment with an applied external magnetic field leads to Zeeman splitting of possible states as shown in Eq. (1), where β is the electron Bohr magneton, H is the applied field, g is the splitting factor for a given system, and Ms is the electron spin quantum number: ΔE=gβHMs (1) For a “free” electron, the simplest case, g = 2.00232, and we consider only the two possible spin states M = ±1/2. The associated magnetic moments are equal and opposite in direction. Figure 1 shows the effect of applied magnetic field on the separation between the possible states. The lower state represents a system in which the magnetic moment of the electron is aligned parallel to the external field, while in the upper state they are opposed. Quantum mechanical calculations can determine the energy of a given state. Fortunately, quantitative knowledge of absolute energies is not needed in order to use this technique for dating. http://static-content.springer.com/image/prt%3A978-94-007-6304-3%2F5/MediaObjects/978-94-007-6304-3_5_Part_Fig1-6_HTML.gif Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Figure 1 Effect of Zeeman splitting on electron energy. As the magnetic field strength (H) increases, the energy difference between the spin states increases. The unpaired electron (blue arrow) will move from the lower level to the upper if an amount of energy, hν, is added to the system. Now we need to remember another chemical principle. Electrons are normally paired, either in atomic orbitals or in chemical bonds. By the Pauli principle, the spins of the paired electrons must be opposite in direction. If, then, such a material is put in a magnetic field, each state will be populated by one electron. If we put in energy to raise the lower electron to the upper state, we have reversed its spin and we now have a forbidden situation, a level with two electrons of the same spin. Thus electron spin resonance can only be observed in systems with unpaired electrons. Such systems are called “paramagnetic,” and an alternate name for the method is electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Which term is used is a matter of preference; physicists are more likely to use EPR. The principles are the same; the only problem that this introduces is the need to search under two names to obtain all the available references in the field. Those readers with experience in optical, IR, or UV spectroscopy will be accustomed to scanning by changing wavelength. The atomic or molecular orbitals have fixed energies. ESR spectrometers scan by changing the magnetic field. Figure 1 shows that the splitting between levels is a function of magnetic field. So we change H until the splitting matches a constant energy, hν. In theory we could hold H constant instead, but experiment has shown that we get better precision the other way. There is a second difference between other methods and ESR spectra. In other methods, the resonance signal is indicated by an absorption (or transmission) peak such as that in Figure 2. Largely because of details of signal acquisition by the spectrometer, ESR spectra are collected as the first derivative of the peak. This has one significant advantage for chemists and physicists. Frequently their interest is in the dependence of the g-value on electronic environment. Using the derivative spectrum, one can more easily see small changes in g-values by measuring the change in position of the point where the signal crosses the baseline rather than by attempting to find the maximum of the peak itself. http://static-content.springer.com/image/prt%3A978-94-007-6304-3%2F5/MediaObjects/978-94-007-6304-3_5_Part_Fig2-6_HTML.gif Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Figure 2 Relationship of absorbance to first derivative spectrum as seen in ESR spectroscopy. Figure 2, of course, shows only the simplest spectrum, isotropic absorption by a free electron. Few ESR spectra match this simplicity. Multiple unpaired electrons, such as those on manganese, result in a spectrum of multiple lines with equal intensities (fine structure). In many cases, g-values are affected by interactions with nuclear spins (hyperfine splitting), and for solid materials, such as those normally used for ESR dating, by variable orientations of crystals with the magnetic field (Ikeya, 1993). These, with symbols such as g⊥ and g ∥, will be mentioned under specific applications. Fortunately most of the dating applications can ignore this complication. For a given substance, dating specialists have established the optimum line to measure, whether it be the complex spectrum of aluminum or the anisotropic carbonate spectrum. More problematic is the mixture of elements found in most natural materials. This can yield a complex spectrum of overlapping lines from which the desired information must be extracted by suitable adjustment of experimental parameters, including temperature of measurement. Figure 3, a spectrum of raw flint, is an example where the spectrum contains contributions from the E’ silica peak, a peroxy peak, and organics (plus some others). http://static-content.springer.com/image/prt%3A978-94-007-6304-3%2F5/MediaObjects/978-94-007-6304-3_5_Part_Fig3-6_HTML.jpg Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Figure 3 Spectrum of natural flint with complex peaks. Complex spectra can sometimes be resolved by increasing the resolution, separating overlapping signals. The more intense the magnetic field, the easier one can resolve two signals whose g-values are virtually identical. ESR spectrometers are defined by the frequency of the microwave source (see Table 1). The most commonly used type is X-band, but higher bands, especially K and Q, also have a role in ESR dating. There is, however, a trade-off. The higher the band, the smaller the amount of sample used, so that while the precision of the spectrum, in terms of separating signals with very similar g-values, is improved, the quantitation of the signal diminishes. The most useful dating application of Q-band spectroscopy is determining whether signals are related to the same radical species, and therefore, the less-well separated peaks in the X-band can be treated as a single signal (Skinner et al., 2001b). Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Table 1 Comparison of ESR spectrometric bands. ν, microwave frequency; Ho, field strength Band ν (GHz) H0 (mT) L 1.5 53.5 S 3.2 114 X 9.5 339 K 25 892 Q 35 1,250 ESR-active materials So where do we find paramagnetic systems? There are three major classes. “Point defects” are electrons trapped during the formation of certain crystals. They are often responsible for colors. Some atoms, mostly transition metals, have an uneven number of electrons and therefore show paramagnetism. Iron is, of course, a well-known example here. Finally there are molecules which can develop paramagnetism in two ways. First, the molecular structure can be paramagnetic, usually because it incorporates one or more paramagnetic atom. Heme proteins, which contain iron, exhibit an ESR spectrum. Second, a molecule can be made paramagnetic by removing an electron from a molecular orbital. These are called “free radicals.” This class of materials is the one we look to for dating applications. The free radicals with which we are concerned are created by radiation. There are three forms of nuclear radiation. Alpha (α) radiation is caused by emission of a helium nucleus from the radioactive atom. As this is a large particle, it is easily stopped with an effective range of approximately 20 μm. Beta (β) radiation consists of nuclear electrons. The energy of these particles can vary considerably; in materials common in dating, they are assumed to penetrate about 2 mm. Finally, gamma (γ) radiation is simply energetic photons that, again for this application, penetrate approximately 30 cm. Additionally, radicals can be induced by cosmic radiation, high energy particles with extensive penetration capability (Prescott and Hutton, 1988). Nuclear radiation, whether alpha, beta, or gamma, can break chemical bonds to form radicals; it can also remove an electron from an atom or molecule. One interesting result is the production of the point defects mentioned earlier. Irradiation of colorless gems has been used to simulate rarer colored versions, often without mentioning the artificial transformation (e.g., Steinhauser et al., 2013). Common radicals in current scientific discussion are those in the atmosphere that result in the “ozone hole.” Low-level natural radioactivity in the environment is continually “damaging” materials. Living systems have mechanisms to repair this damage at these low levels, but once the system has died, radicals begin to accumulate. Not all radicals can be used for dating, however. Before delving deeper into ESR, one might note that there are other dating methods based on the creation of trapped charge by radiation. Usually electrons are trapped at radiation defects in this process. Collectively they are called “trapped charge” methods. The oldest of these is thermoluminescence (TL), where the accumulated damage is detected by heating the sample and measuring the energy released as the electrons are released from trapped charge sites and migrate to luminescence centers. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) uses photon excitation to release the energy (Aitken et al., 1993). Geological, paleontological, and archaeological dating General considerations A good dating method requires three things. Firstly the dating signal must be zero, or must be determinable, at the time of the event being dated. Secondly, the signal must change in a predictable and consistent manner with time. Thirdly, the signal must be stable over the time period in question. Paramagnetic systems can be annealed (revert to diamagnetic, or paired electrons) in several ways. A paramagnetic molecule may react with another, taking an electron from the second one. The second one may then become paramagnetic but the first has lost this property. Paramagnetic systems tend to be unstable and anneal spontaneously with time (more on this later). This process can be accelerated by heat. As examples of the first factor, consider flint artifacts. For most of human history, these were made by flaking natural cobbles. While flint has an ESR signal, the signal we would see would be that accumulated since the flint was formed, not since the artifact was created. Hence we only date flint that was heated in the process of manufacturing an artifact. On the other hand, biological materials such as shell, coral, and teeth do not have a “native” signal that prevents dating. This has been investigated by studying modern examples. The change in signal intensity with time depends on two factors. The first is the sensitivity of the material to radiation and is relatively easy to discover. Initially a linear dependence on dose was assumed, but that was soon shown to be incorrect (Skinner, 1983). For most of the last 30 years, the growth curve shape has been assumed to be a saturating exponential. While this is still largely the case, other dependencies have also been determined. For the aluminum center, for example, it appears that there are two components, and a linear term has been added to the exponential. In other cases, two exponential terms have been suggested (Haskell et al., 1997; Duval, 2012). Improvements in instrumental precision are likely to continue to improve our understanding of dose dependence. The other factor is the dose rate, the amount of radiation delivered per unit time. Dose rates are found by summing α, β, γ, and cosmic contributions. Unfortunately, the dose rate may change with time. Unlike radiocarbon ages, ESR ages depend on the environment of the sample, and that may vary during burial. A cave deposit is perhaps the most stable, but even then the moisture content within the cave may not be constant. A sample taken from a riverbank may not be in its original deposit, so the modern environment we measure to establish an age may not reflect the actual burial history. At present, environmental variability is the greatest source of uncertainty in ESR dating, made worse by an inability to quantify it with a level of precision comparable to that we can achieve in the laboratory when we are measuring ESR spectra. This will be covered in more detail later in this section. In comparison, determining signal stability is relatively straightforward. Recall that unstable systems, such as our paramagnetic radicals, can be annealed with heat. The degree of heat required, measured both as time of heating and temperature, depends on the stability. For background, consider the kinetics of a reaction. For every reaction there exists a rate law defining the change in concentration of reactant (or product) with time. For the annealing of radicals, that law is very simple. In integrated form, C--C0=−kt (2a) where C is the concentration of radicals at time t, C0 is the radical concentration at t = 0, and k is the rate constant which depends on temperature. Conventionally, one measures the signal intensity (proportional to concentration of radicals) as a function of heating time for a fixed temperature. From that one can calculate the half-life (mean lifetime) at that temperature, the time needed to reduce the signal to half its original value, and from that the rate constant, k: 0.5C0--C0=−kt1/2,ork=0.5C0/t1/2 (2b) In 1889, the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius derived a relationship between temperature and reactivity. Arrhenius’ law can conveniently be written as ln k=ln A--(E/RT) (3) where E is the energy needed to restore the system to stability, A and R are constants, k is the rate constant, and T is temperature in degrees Kelvin. To use this equation, one measures k at a series of temperatures well above the environment, usually around 100–300 °C, in order to speed the reaction. One then plots ln k against (1/T). Extrapolating this plot to ambient temperature provides the mean lifetime at this temperature. The extrapolation is usually quite imprecise, but it provides at least the order of magnitude of the mean lifetime in the external environment. The results also depend on the assumption that A remains constant over the temperature range between measured and ambient, but this holds well for this system. Other complications include changes in the ESR spectrum with temperature. Shells and teeth, for example, char at elevated temperatures and the resulting carbon radical can obscure the dating signal (Skinner et al., 2000). ESR spectra With these general principles in mind, let us turn to the details involved in determining the age of a material that has a suitable signal and reasonable signal stability. For ESR dating the mean life of the signal should be an order of magnitude greater than the age being determined (Grün, 2007). In theory, what we wish to know is the number of radicals produced as a function of radiation. For this we would normally look to the area underneath the absorption signal. As noted, ESR spectrometers produce the derivative of the signal. It is possible to integrate the signal, but instead we use the properties of the original curve. There is a mathematical relationship between the area under the peak and the full width at half maximum (FWHM). And as can be seen from Figure 2, FWHM corresponds to the height of the derivative. Thus we can plot the peak height from the signal against radiation dose and obtain a proxy for area. This is only really true for well-shaped lines that are not influenced by other ones. As will be seen in later sections, this is almost never true, but again we can find approximations that are sufficiently close to the actual values that our results are reliable. As noted earlier, crystalline symmetry affects the g-value. If the radical rotates freely within the crystal, the asymmetry averages out. If not, one can define a series of lines as, for example, g ⊥ or g ∥. The first and still best-known ESR dating signal is that of a carbonate-derived radical, and as commented briefly earlier, this has an anisotropic component. Experiments with 13C-doped calcite (Callens et al., 1989) suggest that a signal at g = 1.9973 arises from hindered rotation of an orthorhombic CO2 ‾ radical. The larger signal at g = 2.0007 has a contribution from the hindered rotating species, but also arises from a freely rotating radical. Both signals grow with radiation, so in principle either can be used. Experimental parameters can be used to accentuate one signal over another in a complex spectrum. The intensity of a signal would be expected to grow with microwave power, and it does so up to a point. For every signal with which we will be concerned, there is a saturation power, above which the signal not only does not grow, but may actually decrease. The explanation for this is reasonably straightforward. In any spectroscopic system, not just ESR, there is a distribution of populations among energy states. For ESR, we need fewer electrons in the higher energy state than in the lower, since otherwise the electron in the lower state, even if excited by the resonant energy, has no place to go. Transitions are constantly occurring between states. The transition from the higher energy spin state to the lower is called the “relaxation time.” As long as the relaxation time is short, electrons will return to the lower state by thermal transfer to the crystal lattice fast enough to leave room for new electrons to be promoted to the higher state by microwave energy. For any new system, the signal intensity must be measured as a function of microwave power. While measurements of a specific line must be taken at powers below saturation, sometimes it is convenient to use saturation to simplify the spectrum. For example, by using powers >5 mW, the E’ signal in silica can be suppressed (and conversely, if that line is to be measured, the power must generally be <0.1 mW) (Ikeya, 1993). Another experimental parameter is the modulation amplitude (also called modulation field width). To sharpen the output of the detector, the output current is modulated by a pair of coils mounted on the cavity (see Section C for details). Roughly speaking, this modulation amounts to sampling the output at a given interval, large if a large modulation amplitude, small if not. The larger the modulation amplitude (i.e., the larger the output sampled), the larger the resulting signal. If, however, the signal is complex, then a large modulation amplitude may distort the peak shape, mixing two signals. Some experimenters have deliberately overmodulated the signal, assuming that the mixed signals arise from the same radical and have the same half-lives (Molodkov, 1998). Generally this is not true, and this technique is regarded with suspicion by most dating specialists. How then does one set the spectroscopic parameters? Here we need to rely on experiment. If, using a given set of parameters, the peak heights obtained yield ages that are consistent within experimental error with other methods over a wide time range, then those parameters are the ones to use. This is the test that matters. Whatever “error” is introduced by assuming a Gaussian or Lorentzian line shape for a signal that is clearly neither must be much lower than the error introduced by other factors such as the dose rate discussed in the following section. Dating procedure So to begin a dating experiment, select your sample. Generally the sample is powdered in order to ensure that the signal is independent of orientation within the cavity, and the powder is divided into multiple aliquots. If avoiding this sample destruction is essential, a solid piece can be used, but then one should take measurements at a variety of orientations. Either way, the first measurement is, of course, the spectrum of the native material. Then one takes either aliquots of the powder or the single solid piece and applies known artificial radiation doses. Now plotting the peak height against dose creates a “growth curve.” The example in Figure 4 assumes a simple saturating exponential growth. As noted earlier, various groups have found that other ways are appropriate to express the dependence of signal on dose in different materials, including double exponentials (Haskell et al., 1997) and exponentials with a linear component (Duval, 2012). http://static-content.springer.com/image/prt%3A978-94-007-6304-3%2F5/MediaObjects/978-94-007-6304-3_5_Part_Fig4-6_HTML.gif Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Figure 4 Example of a growth curve in the form of a saturating exponential. Extrapolating the growth curve (whatever the function used) to the x-axis gives the accumulated dose, the amount of radiation that the material experienced since formation, or burial. This quantity is variously known as AD (for accumulated dose, or occasionally archaeological dose) or ED (equivalent dose or environmental dose) or De (as before). Careful measurement and using a statistically significant number of points usually means that the error on AD is small. Converting this information to a sample age can be complex. In the broad sense, the AD is the sum of dose rates times the time that has passed. Mathematically this can be expressed as De=∫raD(t)dt (4) As a practical matter, this requires knowing the sample environment. Recall that the contributors to environmental dose include α-, β-, and γ-radiation from radioisotopes inside the sample and in the sediment surrounding it, plus cosmic radiation. As a first approximation, we can express this as AD=ADext+ADint=Dextt+Dintt (5) Consider first Dext, the external dose rate. γ-radiation can penetrate 30 cm, so essentially one needs to know the complete environment in a sphere of 30 cm radius around the sample. In most cases one cannot determine this absolutely precisely. For one thing, the “top” half of the sphere has probably been removed in the course of excavation. More detrimental, the sediment at most sites is inhomogeneous, the so-called lumpy site. Several methods have been used to obtain dose rate information. None of them are free of flaws. In situ gamma spectroscopy at the position of the sample can provide both the immediate gamma dose, including the cosmic component, and concentrations of the major radioisotopes from which β doses can be calculated. One difficulty is that this provides only an estimate on the remnant sediment, which may or may not be identical to that removed. Further, calibration of these spectrometers has been a problem (Lyons, 1989; for a more recent view see Duval and Arnold, 2013). In a second method, dosimeters are inserted into the site, which measure the cumulative external dose, again the γ plus cosmic contributions. These are based on one of the other trapped charge methods, either TL or OSL. Both types have their proponents and detractors (McKeever and Moscovitch, 2003; Richter et al., 2010). Either type of dosimeter must be left in place. Depending on the site, they could be retrieved after as short a time as a week or must remain for 6 months to a year. Thus placing a dosimeter at the precise sample location, needed for accuracy, in most sites would imply suspending excavation in that area, hardly desirable. As a result, usually these are put in the walls, or other areas where they do not interfere with continued excavation. They therefore may not measure the local dose rate. Another alternative samples a number of sedimentary units in the site and does a volumetric average of the dose rate from each. This may be needed for sites where a gamma spectrometer is not available, or the cost or complexity of retrieving dosimeters is a problem. However, both collection of a statistically significant number of samples and calculation of the resulting average are complex procedures. In principle, in calculating the volumetric average, one should consider, for example, exactly where every rock or bone is in relation to the sample. If sedimentary analysis is chosen, there are again different ways of obtaining the analytical information. Gamma spectroscopy can be used for direct measurement of sedimentary radioisotope content in the lab. Another method commonly used is neutron activation analysis (NAA) of sediments. In NAA, samples taken from the site are bombarded with neutrons to stimulate nuclear reactions. Those associated with such elements as uranium, potassium, and thorium, the three most common contributors to environmental dose, give off energy of specific wavelength, with intensity proportional to concentration. The weaknesses in laboratory measurements are first that there may be other isotopes that are not captured, second that the actual intensity of radiation can be attenuated by water and thus the sediment moisture content has to be measured, and third that converting the concentration of, say, uranium to a dose requires assumptions about the chain of daughter products (Murray et al., 1992; Grün, 1992). In particular, one has to make an assumption about whether radon has been captured in the sediment and therefore contributed to the dose or whether, as a gas, it has escaped. In addition, one has to estimate the contribution of cosmic radiation. The approximations do not invalidate the results. When two methods such as TL dosimetry and sedimentology have been used on the same site, they yield similar ages for archaeological materials (Dibble et al., 2012), despite being based on different assumptions. In comparison one would think that finding the internal dose rate, Dint, would be straightforward. For some materials it is. Unfortunately, most of the important materials for ESR dating are more or less porous. We can determine, again, the current level of radioisotopes in, say, a tooth, but from experience we know that this level has accumulated over time, perhaps quickly, immediately after burial, or perhaps slowly and continuously. Determining this uptake is a significant complication, most notably for teeth but also for shells. Historically one modeled three possible types of uptake: early uptake (EU), in which uptake of uranium was essentially instantaneous; linear uptake (LU), in which the rate of uptake is constant over time; and recent uptake (RU), in which virtually all the uranium is absorbed by the sample in a short period before the sample is recovered. Figure 5 represents these options, using a parameter, p, to define them. Which option is most plausible depends on the sample environment. A constant environment is, naturally, likely to produce an LU age. A sample that is initially buried in a lake that then dries up may well fit the EU model. RU models can occur in two ways. The environment may change suddenly to one with more available uranium, perhaps due to tectonic activity. Or the sample itself may change. There is evidence that by 1 Ma, tooth enamel may develop microcracks, allowing more rapid absorption of uranium (Skinner et al., 2001b). And, of course, intermediate values of p are always possible (Blackwell et al., 2002). Recently a number of researchers have developed a coupled ESR/U Series method for teeth that can determine the time-averaged value of p and thus eliminate much of the uncertainty in uptake (Grün and McDermott, 1994). http://static-content.springer.com/image/prt%3A978-94-007-6304-3%2F5/MediaObjects/978-94-007-6304-3_5_Part_Fig5-6_HTML.gif Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Figure 5 Different possible uranium uptake models are defined by the parameter “p” (Figure courtesy of Dr. Bonnie Blackwell). Determining the true uncertainty in the ESR age is difficult. Of course we know the uncertainty in measurements of, e.g., ED and the modern concentrations of radioisotopes, but we cannot know with the same certainty the history of the site. No matter what method is used to determine Dext, it does not capture the overall variation in moisture, nor possible changes in overburden with accompanying change in cosmic dose. Even radon escape may vary with time. And we cannot quantify what we do not know. Two approaches can increase confidence in the results. One is the “isochron” method for tooth enamel that relies on multiple subsamples from a single tooth (Blackwell et al., 2001). More generally, we can recalculate the age as we vary factors such as average water content or cosmic dose rate (Deely et al., 2011). A simplified example is shown in Figure 5 where dose rates from approximately 250–600 μGy/year still yield ages within the errors on the factors we can quantify. This exceeds variability found in virtually all sites (Figure 6). http://static-content.springer.com/image/prt%3A978-94-007-6304-3%2F5/MediaObjects/978-94-007-6304-3_5_Part_Fig6-6_HTML.gif Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Figure 6 Dependence of calculated age on external dose rate. As measured, the external dose rate for this sample was 400 μGy/year. Error bars show 1 σ; within 2 σ, ages are consistent for a given model over a range of dose rates from about 250 to 600 μGy/year. Materials used in ESR dating Carbonate The most successful examples of ESR dating have involved carbonate-containing compounds. The major sample type, mollusks, deserves its own section and will not be discussed further. It is worth commenting, however, on speleothems, which were the first samples dated (Ikeya, 1978). “Speleothem” is a general term for a variety of cave deposits resulting from dissolution and reprecipitation in limestone rocks. The general features of speleothem spectra resemble those of some mollusks. The primary difficulty in using them is contamination by inorganic and organic detritus which can lead to interfering peaks in the spectrum and misleading internal dose rates. An interlaboratory cross-calibration (Hennig et al., 1982) showed considerably inconsistencies, including disagreement as to the appropriate signal. Lyons (1989) undertook a systematic study of possible causes. There continue to be a number of studies (Bahain et al., 2011), but also suggestions that ESR is of limited utility for dating speleothems (Döppes et al., 2008). A number of early studies of continental uplift used ESR dating of coral (Skinner, 1985; Schellmann and Radtke, 2004). Large coral reefs can serve as both the sample material and the surrounding “sediment.” Although the signal stability in coral should restrict its use to <500 ka, good agreement between ESR and other methods on coral has been found up to about 650 ka without correction for fading (Radtke et al., 1988). This suggests a large uncertainty in mean lifetimes determined by isothermal annealing. U-uptake may also be an issue here. Other carbonate-containing materials have been considered for dating. Caliche and travertine have contamination problems. Foraminifera from deep-sea cores have been studied, with some success, but more work is needed (Schellmann et al., 2008). Phosphates The most useful substance for ESR dating has been tooth enamel. Hydroxyapatite (HAP), the structural mineral in teeth, is a phosphate. However, the ESR signal arises from carbonate inclusions in the HAP crystal, and hence the parameters for measuring are the same as for carbonates. The stability of the signal in enamel has been shown to exceed 1015y (Schwarcz, 1985; Skinner et al., 2000), allowing dating from as young as 30 ka to 3–4 Ma. Both ends of this range have been cross-checked with radiometric methods, 14C for the younger samples (e. g., Rink et al., 1996) and Ar/Ar at Olduvai Gorge for the older (Skinner et al., 2001a). Bone contains the same hydroxyapatite (HAP) as teeth and presumably the same carbonate impurities. Therefore, it would seem that bones could be used for dating. Two factors mitigate against this. The success of dating enamel is in part due to the signal stability attributable to large HAP crystals. Crystal size in bone is considerably smaller. More importantly, bone is quite porous. Uranium can be absorbed more easily, but also leached from bone during burial. This largely prevents precise determination of an internal dose. Early studies (Mascarenhas et al., 1982; Kai et al., 1988) seemed to show that ages could be measured within an order of magnitude and were more reliable for young bones, presumably because there was less time for absorption/leaching episodes. Currently, however, ESR dates on bone should not be considered dependable (Döppes et al., 2008). Silicates Quartz grains in sediment were initially studied using the E’ signal measureable at room temperature (e.g., Xu and Zhou, 2009). A recent development has been the measurement in liquid nitrogen (LN2) of optically bleachable signals in quartz sediment building on pioneering experiments by Toyoda et al. (2000) and others. There are three of them, one deriving from aluminum centers, one from a Ti-H center, and one from Ti-Li. If ages determined for the three centers agree, then one has confidence in the results. These applications will be covered in more detail in a later section. Quartz, in microcrystalline form, also exists as flint or chert. The presence of flint in many archaeological sites encouraged the dating community to look to all possible dating methods. Unfortunately, since trapped charge methods record all radiation since formation, ESR dating of unheated flint would at best date the creation of the raw material, not its conversion into a tool. The “skinflint” method hoped to get around this by comparing the damage to the outermost layer with that of the core, on the hypothesis that β-radiation from the sediment, present only after knapping, would penetrate the first 2 mm of the sample and provide a contrast to the overall dose (Schwarcz and Rink, 2001). Despite some initial success, the lack of additional studies suggests this method is no longer considered valid. The dose history of heated flint, however, begins with the time of heating. Dating heated flint by thermoluminescence (TL) is well established. Efforts to use ESR have been less successful. The quartz-based E’ signal used for dating must be extracted from a complex spectrum derived from other minerals and organic inclusions. Its behavior depends somewhat on the heating temperature (Toyoda et al., 1993). If the heating temperature was over about 650 oC, a phase transition prevents the regrowth of the signal. Perhaps most problematic, there is a base “unbleachable” signal (to use the TL terminology) which varies from sample to sample (Skinner and Rudolph, 1997). Thus neither the precision nor the accuracy of dating by ESR can match that of TL. In a related study, heated quartz grains were dated to establish the age of a Lower Paleolithic site in Brittany (Monnier et al., 1994). Last, but far from least, is the use of the E’ signal to study the movement of earthquake faults. Along with the study of speleothems, this was one of the earliest applications. The principle is that the movement of an earthquake fault anneals radiation damage in quartz grains primarily by heat and pressure. Thus the observed modern dose reflects the age since last faulting event. Results may be affected by incomplete resetting – large grains may retain some of the original signal (Buhay et al., 1988). As well as the E’ center, signals attributed to germanium, aluminum, titanium and the “OHC” center have been studied. The Ge signal has a short lifetime (in terms of this type of study), estimated to be 100 ka. As noted for the optical bleaching, the Ti center is less stable than that for Al. While good concordance of ages from different centers has been observed, the ESR ages can exceed the geological estimates, presumably due to incomplete resetting (Ikeya, 1993). Other studies have agreed better with geology (Fukuchi et al., 1986). Sulfate minerals Gypsum (calcium sulfate) is found in a number of environments as the result of precipitation or evaporation. Sulfite radicals have well-characterized g-values around g = 2.004. This is, unfortunately, the same region as the carbonate spectra, so natural gypsum may show both. A second signal at g = 2.008 can also be used for dating (Kasuya et al., 1991). Although the mean lifetime appears to exceed 1012 years, applications to date have concentrated on the time period <500 ka. They include additional efforts to study tectonics (Mathew et al., 2004). However, a comparison of ESR and TL ages showed consistent underestimation by ESR relative to TL, tentatively ascribed to uncertainty in the relative efficiencies of α-, β-, and γ-radiation in inducing defects (Nambi, 1982). In an interesting extension of ESR dating to other regions of the earth, barite (barium sulfate) dating has elucidated some aspects of hydrothermal vent formation in the depths of the ocean. Although the calculations are extremely complex, due to the shape of these vents, the proof of concept is encouraging (Sato et al., 2011). Space science Ikeya (1993) championed the concept of using ESR dating to study formations on the outer planets, using the OH. radical. While too unstable to be measured at ambient Earth temperatures, he believed that the low temperatures in space would allow one to measure an accumulated dose. He did not think that this technique would be ready for use in less than a century, however. Non-radiolytic dating So far we have discussed only free radicals created by radioactivity. In principle, any increase in free radical concentration with time could be used for dating. Oxidation of natural products also creates radicals. Ikeya and coworkers experimented with some preliminary work on organic degradation due to light and/or oxygen. Among the substances tested were oils on potato chips, and blood. In general, however, the signal lifetimes and saturation behavior severely limit the dating potential. A comprehensive review can be found in Ikeya (1993). There has been essentially no further work in this type of application since then. Summary This outline by no means exhausts the efforts that have been made to use ESR for dating. The following table can be used for an overview of the current state of ESR dating. It is, naturally, oversimplified, but generally indicates what materials have been good sources for dating sites and which have serious flaws (Table 2). Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating, General Principles, Table 2 Materials commonly used in ESR dating. The first column notes whether the material has a signal that is either zero at t = 0 or determinable. The second notes whether this signal grows in a predictable manner so that an accumulated dose can be established. Finally the third column notes whether the signal stability is adequate for practical uses. The reliability of ages has been cross-checked by other methods for these materials as well. The greater the number of emoticons (positive or negative), the more confidence in the opinion Signal AD Age Carbonates Coral ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺ Mollusk ☺☺ ☺☺ ☺☺ Speleothem ☺☺ ☺☺ ☺☺ Travertine ☺ ☺☺ Foraminifera ☺ ☺ ☺☺ Caliche ☺ ☺ ☺☺ Hydroxyapatite Tooth ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺ ☺☺☺ Bone ☺ ☺ ☺☺ Silicates Sediment E’ ☺☺ ☺☺ ☺ Al, Ti, ☺☺ ☺☺ ☺ Faults, E’ ☺☺ ☺ ☺ Chert, E’, Al ☺☺ ☺☺ ☺☺☺ A literature search will soon show that aside from the examples quoted above, many other minerals have been tested for their ESR response to radiation. Dating applications are the result of low dose rates delivered over a long period of time. Another major use of ESR for radiation sensitivity is determining high doses delivered over a short period of time, as in accident dosimetry. Since in this latter case signal stability is not an issue, useable materials abound. The future will undoubtedly demonstrate that some of these may be transferrable to the dating category. Certainly there is plenty of scope for experimentation; no scientific field should ever be considered closed. Cross-references Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating of Coral Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating of Fossil Tooth Enamel Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometer Radiation and Radioactivity Sediment, ESR}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_6}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_6}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Smedley, R. K. and Duller, G. A. T. and Roberts, H. M.}, title = {Bleaching of the post-IR IRSL signal from individual grains of K-feldspar: Implications for single-grain dating}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {79}, number = {0}, pages = {33-42}, abstract = {Post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) signals from K-feldspar grains measured at elevated temperatures are increasingly being used for dating sediments. Unfortunately the pIRIR signal from K-feldspars bleaches more slowly than other signals (e.g. OSL from quartz) upon exposure to daylight, leading to concerns about residual signals remaining at deposition. However, earlier studies have not assessed whether the pIRIR signal bleaches at the same rate in all feldspar grains. In this study laboratory bleaching experiments have been conducted and for the first time the results show that the rate at which the pIRIR signal from individual K-feldspar grains bleach varies. To determine whether grain-to-grain variability in bleaching rate has a dominant control on equivalent dose (De) distributions determined using single grains, analysis was undertaken on three samples with independent age control from different depositional environments (two aeolian and one glaciofluvial). The De value determined from each grain was compared with the rate at which the pIRIR225 signal from the grain bleaches. The bleaching rate of each grain was assessed by giving a 52 Gy dose and measuring the residual De after bleaching for an hour in a solar simulator. There is no clear relationship between the rate at which the pIRIR225 signal of an individual grain bleaches and the magnitude of its De. It is concluded that variability in the bleaching rate of the pIRIR225 signal from one grain to another does not appear to be a dominant control on single grain De distributions.}, keywords = {Feldspar Luminescence Single grains Infrared stimulated luminescence pIRIR Residual De values Bleaching rate}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.06.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300342}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @techreport{ author = {Sneed, Michelle and Orlando, Patricia v P. and Borchers, James W. and Everett, Rhett and Solt, Michael and McGann, Mary and Lowers, Heather and Mahan, Shannon}, title = {Lithostratigraphic, borehole-geophysical, hydrogeologic, and hydrochemical data from the East Bay Plain, Alameda County, California}, number = {890}, type = {Report}, DOI = {10.3133/ds890}, url = {http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ds890}, year = {2015}, type = {Report} } @inbook{ author = {Sohbati, Reza}, title = {Luminescence, Rock Surfaces}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {83}, pages = {485-488}, abstract = {Luminescence is the light emitted following the release of stored energy (in the form of trapped charge) accumulated in crystalline materials; this energy accumulates in natural minerals such as quartz and feldspar through the absorption of ionizing radiation, either cosmic rays or resulting from the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides. This trapped charge can be released or reset by heat or light; if reset by heat, the light emitted from the mineral is called thermoluminescence (TL), and if released by photon stimulation, it is called optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Thus, luminescence dating provides an estimate of the time elapsed since the mineral grains were last heated or exposed to daylight (Aitken, 1998). Introduction In geology and archaeology, there are many examples of rock surfaces, rock art, and stone structures of unknown age. In archaeology, megaliths, buildings, chambered burial mounds, field walls, and cairns are very important to understanding the way in which people have used the landscape (Liritzis et al., 2013). In geology, there are examples of ice-scoured bedrock, ice-transported rocks (erratics), and cobble fans from extreme fluvial events whose ages are essential for understanding the evolution of the driving climate-related phenomena. Luminescence dating is a well-established method of absolute chronology that has been successfully applied to a wide range of fine-grained sediments to provide depositional ages from a few years (Madsen and Murray, 2009) to several tens of thousands (e.g., Murray and Olley, 2002; Duller, 2004) and even several hundred thousand years (e.g., Watanuki et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2006; Porat et al., 2010; Buylaert et al., 2012). The luminescence age of a sample is calculated by dividing the amount of ionizing radiation the sample absorbed during burial (measured as the equivalent dose, De) by the rate of energy absorption (the dose rate) from the environment. The single-aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) procedure is the standard approach to De determination in quartz and feldspar (Murray and Wintle, 2000; Wallinga et al., 2000; Auclair et al., 2003; Buylaert et al., 2012). Dose rate calculations are dependent on the spatial distribution of energy deposition rates by the various radiations (α, β, γ). Aitken (1985) outlines an approach to such calculations near interfaces (including buried rock surfaces), although later authors suggest that the details of this approach may require modification (Yang et al., 1998).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_83}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_83}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Sohbati, R. and Murray, A. S. and Porat, N. and Jain, M. and Avner, U.}, title = {Age of a prehistoric “Rodedian” cult site constrained by sediment and rock surface luminescence dating techniques}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part A}, pages = {90-99}, abstract = {The construction age of a pavement in a “Rodedian” prehistoric cult site in Negev desert, Israel, is established by determining the burial age of (i) a cobble used in the pavement, and (ii) the underlying sediment. The quartz OSL age and the K-feldspar corrected IR50 age from the sediment and the corrected IR50 and pIRIR225 ages from the cobble surface are all consistent, and give an average age of 4.22 ± 0.06 ka. Although the very similar ages indicate the reliability of the methods, these ages are ∼3–4 ka younger than that expected for the Rodedian sites. The IR50 and pIRIR225 luminescence-depth profiles from the cobble indicate multiple exposure and burial events in the depositional history. The apparently young ages may thus represent a later intervention in the site during the late 3rd millennium B.C. More sites need to be dated by the use of both rocks and sediments to confirm this suggestion. Important information on the bleaching history of the rock surfaces directly obtained from these luminescence-depth profiles is not available in the underlying unconsolidated sediments. This is a significant advantage of rock surface dating over more conventional sediment dating.}, keywords = {Quartz Feldspar OSL IRSL Rock surface dating Luminescence-depth profile Light attenuation}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.09.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300571}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Solongo, Saran and Ochir, Ayudai and Tengis, Saran and Fitzsimmons, Kathryn and Hublin, Jean-Jacques}, title = {Luminescence dating of mortar and terracotta from a Royal Tomb at Ulaankhermiin Shoroon Bumbagar, Mongolia}, journal = {Science and Technology of Archaeological Research}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {STAR2015112054892315Y.0000000008; DOI: 10.1179/2054892315Y.0000000008}, abstract = {The spectacular royal tomb “Ulaankhermiin Shoroon Bumbagar” was discovered in Bulgan province, Mongolia, in 2011. Excavation of the site revealed its internal structure; a slope of 42 meters in length leading down to the underground mausoleum at a depth of 7 m below the ground. Archaeological investigations provided the site with an independent age control suggesting the construction date of the Royal tomb to the last quarter of the VII century.In this study, we directly date different materials from the site, such as terracotta figurines, mortar and host sediment, using infrared-stimulated (IR50) and post-infrared infrared stimulated (pIRIR) luminescence techniques. The most accurate estimate of 670 ± 70AD and 550 ± 110AD was obtained for terracotta figurines using IR50 and pIRIR on aliquots of 4–11 μm polymineral grains. By comparison, sand-sized quartz single grain measurements on the embedded sediment yielded normal equivalent dose (De) distributions with a few outliers, justifying the use of the central age model (CAM) for age calculation, and yielded construction dating to the 780 ± 140AD. Finally, sand-sized quartz single grain measurements on wall mortar revealed incomplete bleaching of grains, requiring detailed analysis using statistical approaches; from this we identified the most well bleached population age of 740 ± 130AD, using the lowest 5%. The luminescence ages are in general agreement with the historically expected age.Statement of significanceThe archaeological site at Ulaankhermiin Shoroon Bumbagar, Mongolia (with an independent age control) offers a great opportunity to apply luminescence dating methods, such as pIRIR on 4–11 μm polymineral fine grains, and single grain measurements on 200–250 μm quartz grains, to various materials, such as terracotta figurines, mortar-like limestone which covered the walls and embedded sediment in order to test the accuracy of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating techniques. Compared to all other datable archaeological materials, mortar has the advantage of being intentionally manufactured at each stage of construction, since it cannot be recycled. However, dating of the well bleached grains of mortar, which provided the greatest challenge in this study, was achieved using the lowest 5% estimate, yielding an age of 740 ± 130AD. pIRIR on heated polymineral (feldspar-bearing) fine grain aliquots from terracotta figurines was tested, yielding IR50 and pIRIR180 dates in agreement with the CAM estimate from the host sediment.Data availability The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are contained within the paper.}, keywords = {Luminescence,Single grain,Fine grains,pIRIR,Mortar}, DOI = {doi:10.1179/2054892315Y.0000000004}, url = {http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/2054892315Y.0000000004}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Solongo, S. and Tengis, S.}, title = {The feldspar pIRIR and quartz OSL on silty-clay sediments from walled ramparts in Orkhon Valley, Mongolia}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part A}, pages = {18-23}, abstract = {The comparison of the luminescence results obtained on different minerals from young silty-clay sediments associated with the walled fortification are presented. The general agreement between ages based on the quartz OSL, feldspar IRSL as well as feldspar IR50 and fine grains IR50 was obtained for well bleached samples, while feldspar pIRIR180 overestimated it. Based on age–preheat plot, where feldspar pIRIR signals using varying preheat and stimulation temperatures were investigated, the increase in De towards higher temperatures was related to an increase of residual doses. Furthermore, the fitting parameters of the IR and pIRIR decay curves were affected differently at preheats >230 °C, justifying the use of pIRIR180 for young samples. For incompletely bleached feldspar sample ML4, the presence of the residual dose (up to 12% of De) suggested there might be a link between the high residuals and the incomplete bleaching. For the first time we questioned the possibility of dating such architectural structures well presented in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia. The study suggests that at the site “Lungijn Durvulzhin” the oldest part of the ramparts was constructed at 60 ± 100 BC (OSL), confirming human occupation and settlement activities during the Xiongnu period (200 BC–150 AD) and indicating reconstructing during 950 ± 70 AD.}, keywords = {Feldspar pIRIR Quartz Incomplete bleaching Young clay sediments Fitting of pIRIR decay curve Ramparts}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300480}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Song, YouGui and Lai, ZhongPing and Li, Yun and Chen, Tao and Wang, YiXuan}, title = {Comparison between luminescence and radiocarbon dating of late Quaternary loess from the Ili Basin in Central Asia}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {405-410}, abstract = {Dust depositions are critical archives for understanding interior aridification and westerly climatic changes in Central Asia. Accurate and reliable dating of loess is very important for interpreting and correlating environmental records. There remains a disparity between luminescence ages and radiocarbon dating of late Quaternary loess from the Ili Basin in Central Asia. In this study, we establish a closely spaced quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronology for the 20.5-m-thick Nilka loess section in the Ili Basin. Based on OSL ages, two intervals of higher mass accumulation rate occurred at 49–43 ka and 24–14 ka. We further compare these OSL ages with 23 accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C ages of bulk organic matter. The results indicate that the OSL and radiocarbon ages agree well for ages younger than ca. 25 14C cal ka BP. However, beyond 30 cal ka BP, there is no consistent increase in AMS 14C age with depth, while the OSL ages continue to increase. These differences confirm the observation that the AMS 14C ages obtained using conventional acid–base–acid (ABA) pretreatment are severely underestimated in other terrestrial deposits in Central Asia, which could be due to 2–4% modern carbon contamination. However, OSL dating is applicable for constructing an accurate chronology beyond 30 cal ka BP. We suggest caution when interpreting paleoenvironmental changes based on radiocarbon ages older than 25 cal ka BP.}, keywords = {OSL chronology Radiocarbon age underestimation Loess in the Ili Basin Central Asia}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000138}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Stone, A. E. C. and Bateman, M. D. and Thomas, D. S. G.}, title = {Rapid age assessment in the Namib Sand Sea using a portable luminescence reader}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {134-140}, abstract = {A rapid assessment of burial age for sedimentary materials is useful to aid in-situ interpretation of sites and sequences during fieldwork. This can assist with targeted field sampling strategies for full dating back in the laboratory, for example when the study is concerned with reconstructing landscape dynamics during a specific time period. Field-based luminescence measurements are possible using a portable luminescence reader; the challenge is translating relative portable luminescence reader signal intensities of samples into an estimate of age. This study uses a portable luminescence reader for the first time in the analysis of African dunefield sediments. Samples from the Namib Sand Sea (NSS) with established luminescence ages are used to assess what in-situ information about relative sample age can be gleamed at and between sites using the portable luminescence reader, and to establish whether first-order estimates of sample age can be obtained. Two sites in the NSS, which are of modern, very late Holocene and last interglacial age were selected for this assessment and a simple calibration between portable luminescence reader signals and sample age is made. Results show that portable luminescence reader signals differ by over two orders of magnitude between late Holocene and last interglacial age samples and that useful relative-age information can be established using bulk material in the field. Predicted ages from portable luminescence reader signals using a linear regression appear to be indicative and useful. Further development of this calibration using a wider range of sample ages would confirm its applicability in the NSS, and a similar approach is applicable to other sand sea environments.}, keywords = {OSL dating Portable luminescence reader Rapid age assessment Namib Sand Sea Aeolian sediments}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000151}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Sugisaki, Saiko and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Murray, Andrew and Tada, Ryuji and Zheng, Hongbo and Ke, Wang and Saito, Keita and Chao, Luo and Li, Shiyi and Irino, Tomohisa}, title = {OSL dating of fine-grained quartz from Holocene Yangtze delta sediments}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {226-232}, abstract = {Holocene flood events in the Yangtze River are associated with variations in East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) precipitation, and so Yangtze delta sediments may preserve information about the frequency and magnitude of EASM precipitation. These flood/drought cycles of the EASM directly affect the living standards of East Asian population. However, despite its importance, little chronological control is available for the Yangtze Delta sediments; because biogenic carbonate only occurs sporadically, it has proved the difficulty to discuss sedimentation mechanisms and rates in any detail. In 2013 two sediment cores (YD13-G3 and H1) were taken from the Yangtze subaqueous delta to investigate precipitation history. In this study, we investigate the potential of quartz OSL dating of the fine silt fraction (fine-grained quartz; 4–11 μm) from these cores to estimate the depositional age of the sediments. We test whether: (1) Yangtze subaqueous delta sediments contain quartz with suitable characteristics for dating, and (2) quartz grains are well-bleached during/before the transportation process, by examining a modern analogue of suspended particulate matter, and by cross-checking with the doses derived from infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals (both IR50 and pIRIR160) from feldspar in polymineral fine grains. We find that both the quartz and feldspar luminescence characteristics are satisfactory (quartz dose recovery ratio 1.067 ± 0.004; n = 250, pIRIR160 dose recovery ratio 1.01 ± 0.02; n = 151). Modern suspended particulate matter has measured quartz equivalent doses between 0.1 and 0.2 Gy, suggesting that this material was sufficiently bleached during/before transportation to allow dating of Holocene sediments (mean dose rates of ∼3 Gy ka−1). OSL ages of 44 samples from the 2 cores show apparently rapid accumulation at ∼6 ka between 9.65 and 5.50 m in core H1 and ∼2 ka throughout core G3 and between 5.0 and 0.0 m in core H1. The pIRIR160 signals suggest less light exposure of the core top sediments and of those from the transition layer between ∼6 ka to ∼2 ka, although there is no evidence for incomplete bleaching of quartz. The question remains as to whether significant deposition took place only at these two times, or whether the record has been disturbed by erosion/reworking.}, keywords = {OSL Yangtze delta Holocene Fine-grains Quartz Polymineral IR50 pIRIR160 Quaternary}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.021}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000345}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @book{ author = {Sunta, C.}, title = {Unravelling thermoluminescence}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New Delhi}, series = {Springer Series in Materials Science}, note = {Kathren, R. L. in Radiation Protection Dosimetry 163/4 531-532 This brief book, billed by the publisher as ‘specially of interest to the fresh undergraduate students and young researchers planning to take up work in the field of thermoluminescence’ is long on theory and very short on applications. The organisation of the book is quite good. The first of its seven chapters is a brief history and includes a quite readable albeit elementary and somewhat brief overview of different types of luminescence. Perhaps somewhat disappointingly, only eight sentences are devoted to triboluminescence, a rather meagre consideration of this topic in view of its potential importance in practical low-level dosimetry applications. The next chapter deals with the thermoluminescence phenomenon itself, briefly considering crystalline structure defect centres, and provides a brief and indeed somewhat superficial overview of the interactions with ionising radiations. The remaining five chapters constitute the heart of the book; Chapter 3, entitled ‘Thermal Stimulation of Luminescence and Theory of the Glow Curve’, is particularly well done and includes some knowledgeable insights of the author. This chapter begins with consideration of glow curve theory, including various models of thermoluminescence, and progresses to a well done discussion of glow curve kinetics and analysis. Chapter 4, ‘Kinetics Analysis of TL Glow Curves’ provides a particularly good discussion of the limitations of general and mixed-order kinetics models, succinctly summarising five separate methods of glow curve analysis along with a brief discussion of the merits and problems of each, and includes a section on precautions and uncertainties in glow curve analysis. A unique feature is the author's derivation of a model to describe the TL intensity response curve, and the development of factors to relate supralinearity and predose sensitisation. Chapter 5 is wholly devoted to a discussion of the quasi-equilibrium (QE) problem in TL showing how various parameters affect the QE. It takes issue with the generally accepted conclusion that QE conditions are only satisfied when the recombination rate exceeds the retrapping rate during glow curve recording and shows the dependence of QE on the heating rate. Chapter 6, ‘Intensity Growth with Dose’, provides a nice discussion of the TL response curve generally and especially supralinearity as well as some brief comments regarding basic implications of the model and curve shape to practical applications. It is in this chapter that the author introduces a new sensitivity factor to characterise a unified explanation for the mechanisms of both supralinearity and the predose sensitisation factor, giving at least that portion of the chapter the appearance of a journal article. The final chapter ‘Photo-transferred Thermoluminescence’ will likely be of the greatest interest to those concerned with the practical applications of TL and includes a few brief pages on practical applications. Each chapter is individually referenced, but as the references are given in abbreviated form without titles, it is difficult to determine the relevance of a reference except, perhaps, from the specifics of where it is cited in the text. Most of the cited references are old, dating from before 2000, and incredibly none of the 42 references cited in the chapter on intensity growth and dose, in which the derived sensitivity factor is introduced, dates from the current century, the most recent being dated 1999 and most considerably earlier than this. The dates of the cited references imply perhaps that work in this specific area field has largely ceased or that the material presented in the chapter is not fully up to date. Each chapter is provided with an introductory abstract, and the book itself has a five-page preface by the author detailing the contents of each chapter, rather nice features that contribute to the utility of the book, which taken with a rather detailed table of contents compensates for what is arguably a rather weak index. The review of this book can be summarised in six words: long on theory, little on applications. There is little or even no mention of doping, effects of environmental factors such as response to ultraviolet or fluorescent lights or diurnal temperature cycling, nor consideration of such factors as photon energy dependence on dosemeter response and interpretation or optimum storage and handling conditions per se. As such, it will likely be of limited utility and interest to those using TL materials for practical applied purposes such as operational health physics and environmental radiation measurements, although despite these limitations it can serve as a reasonably readable summary reference of theory and mechanisms. }, abstract = {The book is essentially about the theoretical aspects of thermoluminescence (TL). It is structured and written in a manner which will specially be of interest to the fresh undergraduate students and young researchers planning to take up work in the field of thermoluminescence. It is arranged into seven chapters, starting with the historical growth of the subject of TL and an overview of the luminescence phenomena. A Physical model involving thermally disconnected deep traps is specially described. Using this model expressions are derived for the TL intensity growth curve, the supralinearity factor and the pre-dose sensitization factor. A new factor, called the sensitization factor is introduced which co-relates the supralinearity and the pre-dose sensitization factors. Dealing with the theoretical models of TL, limitations of the general order (GO) kinetics and the mixed order kinetics models are specially brought out. Due to the lacunae of GO model the determination of activation energy becomes subject to error, when GO model is applied to the experimental TL glow curves. Satisfying the quasi-equilibrium (QE) condition is essential for the validity of analytical models of TL. A new method is given to ascertain if QE condition is satisfied in an experimental glow curve. The book assumes a basic knowledge of physics and mathematics at an undergraduate level, and takes the reader to the results at the cutting edge of understanding of the subject in an easy to understand manner One may perhaps question the need for another book on this subject when so many of them have been written in the past. The title of the book—‘‘Unravelling Thermoluminescence’’ in some way provides an answer to this query. The dictionary defines ‘‘unravel’’ as an attempt to ‘‘make plain or clear; solve or explain something complicated or puzzling.’’ That is what this book seeks to do. The first two chapters are written assuming that the reader is a fresh undergraduate who is beginning to take up work in the field of thermoluminescence (TL). The subject of TL, being one among the variety of luminescence phenomena in nature, it is thought fit to acquaint the student with these various phenomena. Chapter 1 includes the historical development of the subject of TL and also gives a brief overview of the luminescence phenomena. Chapter 2 summarizes well-known types of point defects in the inorganic solids. These serve as simple examples of defect centres, the types of which may act as traps and recombination centers. However, the actual structure of the defect centers in different TL phosphors is not simple to find out, neither is it necessary for the application of TL in areas like dosimetry and archeological and geological dating. X–rays and nuclear radiations being the principal sources which induce the TL, their interaction with matter is summarized in this chapter. The interactions are discussed in the perspective of the TL induction by different types of radiations. The subsequent chapters go on to address those points that are new or those that have not been included in the books published earlier. Such parts have been highlighted by showing them in italics. The stress has been more on explaining the concepts than reviewing the earlier works. In the process reference to earlier literature is not comprehensive. Chapter 3 begins with the explanation of the thermal stimulation process and goes on to describe conventional models of TL. The characteristic properties of the glow curves of the Randall–Wilkins, the Garlick–Gibson, the general order (GO), and the mixed order (MO) kinetics models are summarized. While dealing with the GO kinetics model it is shown that the pre-exponential factor s0 and the kinetic order (KO) parameter b are not independent constants as assumed by the ix proponents of the model, but that the s0 value is dependent on the value of b and the total concentration N of the traps. When GO kinetics model is applied to the simple one trap one recombination center (OTOR) physical model, it is seen that the b value itself varies with n0/N, which means it varies with dose given to the sample. The lacunae in GO kinetics model are discussed in Sects. 3.3.4 and 3.3.4.1. The MO kinetics model too has drawbacks. A major drawback of MO model is that its KO parameter a is dependent on n0, which means that in real samples it would depend on the dose given to the sample. Thus no unique value of a may be assigned to a given glow peak of a sample. The chapter then takes up the physical models. These include the multi-trap systems which are the simplified version of the generalized scheme consisting of a host of traps and an equally large number of recombination centers. These may plausibly be applicable to the real materials. It is shown by simulations how first order (FO) kinetics glow peaks are produced under a variety of parametric conditions. The results of these simulations are used to answer the question why the KO of the TL glow peaks of real materials is invariably seen to be of FO. The conclusion drawn is that there is an abundance of thermally disconnected deep traps which provide for the recombination rate to exceed the retrapping rate and thus produce FO kinetics. Further, at low trap occupancies, FO is produced even in retrapping dominant conditions. It is logical that defects would exist in a crystalline material until it approaches its melting point. Examples are given of some materials in which deep traps have been detected. Another way by which FO kinetics is produced is the local recombination of the thermally excited charge carriers. Examples are given from the published papers wherein local recombination is proved. Chapter 4 deals with the kinetics analysis of the TL glow peaks. Five methods of glow curve analysis are summarized including the merits and the demerits of each method and the precaution in their application. The parts which I may call worth mentioning as new in this chapter are as follows: (1) A stable peak temperature Tm irrespective of trap occupancy n0/N (dose) is the property exclusive to the FO kinetics. In all non-FO cases the glow peak temperature changes with trap occupancy. This property may be used to differentiate the non-FO cases if any, from the FO ones before attempting the kinetics analysis of any experimental glow curve which requires kinetic order. Application of peak shape method in analyzing the experimental glow curves may face uncertainty in the shape due to the presence of weak satellites close to the peak under study. (2) The peak temperature of the simulated TL glow peaks is found to vary linearly with the activation energy E for a given s/b. Examples of real samples are given which also show that activation energy E of different glow peaks of the given sample are almost linearly related to the glow peak temperature. This implies that the value of the frequency factor s for the different glow peaks of a given sample may be same. x Preface (3) A method has been suggested to find the value of KO using the initial rise profiles. It is a new method which has been proposed for the first time. The method is general in the sense that it is applicable to all values of KO. (4) If a GO kinetics glow curve is analyzed by using the isothermal decay method, it turns out that the resulting E and the KO values are dependent on the initial concentration n0 of the active traps (dose). This result once again brings out the lacunae in the GO kinetics expression. (5) Application of the peak fitting method to the simulated glow peaks of different physical models shows that the error in the found value of E and the minimum error in fitting vary with the best fitted value of b. The found value of E turns out to be error free only when the corresponding best fitted value of b is either 1 or 2. For cases in which the best fit value of b lies between 1 and 2, error in found E value is seen to be highest when the value of b is 1.5. At this point the error value also is seen to be highest. The highest error in found value of E at this point is about ±8 %. For best fit b values less than 1 or more than 2, error in found value of E are much higher and so are the minimized fitting error values. (6) An example taken from a published paper on post-irradiation annealed LiF: Mg, Ti sample shows that the obtained values of E as well as KO using the curve fitting method increase with the annealing time. When we examine the analysis procedure used by the authors of the paper we see that the minimum value of the error function (FOM) also has increased with the annealing time. This implies that the minimization of the error function in curve fitting method does not ensure the accuracy in the obtained value of E if the best fit value of KO is found to be different from 1 or 2. Chapter 5 deals with the quasi-equilibrium (QE) problem in TL. To the knowledge of this author a large part of the material of this chapter has not appeared in earlier books in this field. It is concluded in certain earlier publications that QE cannot be achieved under the condition in which retrapping rate is much faster than the recombination rate. In this chapter this conclusion is disproved and it is shown that it is the values of the system parameters, namely the concentration of the traps and the recombination centers and their cross sections, which determine whether or not the QE condition would be satisfied. In this connection the importance of the recombination lifetime is highlighted. Smaller the value of the recombination lifetime, better it is for the QE to be achieved. Using the premise that under the QE condition the relaxation rate of the thermally excited carriers should be equal to the excitation rate, the minimum value of the function RiNiri for the validity of the QE approximation is found, where Ni stands for the concentrations of the active traps and the deeper traps and ri stands for their respective cross sections. This is a new approach to find the range of parameter values to satisfy the QE condition. Preface xi It is shown for the first time that the QE depends not only on the parameter values of the system but also on the heating rate. At a certain high heating rate, depending on the parameter values of the system, the QE begins to deteriorate, which reflects as change in the peak shape. It is suggested that the heating rate dependence of QE may be used to test whether or not QE approximation holds for an experimental glow curve. It is shown that the heating rate dependence of QE may be used also to find the range of the values of parameters (trap populations and the cross sections) at least approximately, for an experimental glow peak. As an illustration this test is applied to the glow peak No. 5 of LiF TLD phosphor. Chapter 6 deals with the growth of TL intensity with radiation dose. After a brief review of earlier theories and earlier works on this subject, the discussion takes up a model which gives physical meaning to the so-called competitors during the TL read out heating. As against the arbitrarily assumed competitors by the earlier workers, in the proposed model the competitors are the thermally disconnected deep traps (TDDT) which when empty act as competitors and when filled cause increase in the number of recombination centres. When the active traps and the TDDTs get filled up during irradiation the reduction in competition and the increase in filled active trap population take place simultaneously. As a result the TL intensity growth becomes superlinear. The treatment of the model takes into count the irradiation and the heating stages together. Using this model expressions are derived for the TL intensity growth curve, the supralinearity factor (SF), and the pre-dose sensitization factor (PDSF). Also derived is a new expression called the sensitization factor (SnF). The factor SnF which has been introduced by this author is used to give a unified explanation for the mechanisms which give rise to the SF and the PDSF. The computed profiles of SF, PDSF, and SnF are compared with the experimentally obtained profiles of these factors for the case of the LiF:Mg, Ti TLD phosphor. These are found to match well with each other supporting the soundness of the model used. Apart from providing a theoretical basis underlying the phenomena of supralinearity and pre-dose sensitization, the model dispels the doubt of some workers that the mechanism involved in these two phenomena may be altogether different from each other. Chapter 7 deals with photo-transfer of TL (PTTL) intensity from one glow peak to another. This phenomenon is observed almost in all thermoluminescent materials, usually showing a transfer from higher temperature glow peak to those of lower temperatures. In this chapter transfer is described from a glow peak to lower as well as to higher temperature glow peaks. This property has not been described in earlier books. This chapter also describes the effect of sample temperature on the transfer efficiency for incident light. This phenomenon is used to find the energy levels of the donor trap. Using the monochromatic incident light for photo-transfer, optical trap depth is found for the donor trap. Studies describing the dependence of transfer efficiency on sample temperature as well as studies with monochromatic light exposure for photo-transfer have possibly not been given in earlier books of this field. These studies are used to propose a model for photo-transfer in mineral CaF2. Finally this chapter deals with photo-bleaching, which is an important subject in sediment dating. It is shown that in a multi-peak xii Preface glow curve photo-bleaching and photo-transfer run together. On prolonged light exposure, all glow peaks, donors, as well as accepters attain a low and nearly stable level. At this stage most of the traps are empty and correspondingly the population of the recombination centers also is negligibly small. As a result the available option for the photo-excited electrons from any of the traps is simply to get retrapped into any of the vacant traps. In other words a to and fro transfer between the traps continues almost indefinitely. This leads to a nearly unbleacheable TL signal which is used as the zero level in the TL dating of the sediments.}, keywords = {dosimetry dosemeter thermoluminescence TL}, ISBN = {978-81-322-1939-2}, year = {2015}, type = {Edited Book} } @article{ author = {Tamura, Toru and Sawai, Yuki and Ito, Kazumi}, title = {OSL dating of the AD 869 Jogan tsunami deposit, northeastern Japan}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {294-298}, abstract = {Sediments deposited by the AD 869 Jogan tsunami offer an opportunity to test the reliability of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of relatively old historical tsunami deposits. We collected a geoslicer sample from sand deposited on the Sendai Plain, northeastern Japan, by the Jogan tsunami and applied quartz OSL dating to it. We then compared the OSL ages with the known age of the tsunami event. In ascending order, the sedimentary sequence in the geoslicer sample consists of the beach–dune sand, lower peat, Jogan tsunami deposit, upper peat, pre-2011 paddy soil, and the 2011 tsunami deposit. To obtain equivalent dose (De,bulk), a standard single-aliquot renegerative-dose (SAR) protocol was applied to large aliquots of the 180–250 μm fraction of two samples from the beach–dune sand, and four samples from differing levels of the Jogan tsunami deposit. The OSL decay curves were dominated by the medium component; thus, for two samples from the Jogan deposit the fast-component OSL signal was isolated and used to determine the equivalent dose (De,fast). Using De,bulk, OSL ages of the tsunami deposit were underestimated by ∼40%, and even the beach–dune sand was dated younger than AD 869. In contrast, De,fast provided a robust age estimate with only slight underestimation. A pulse annealing test showed that the bulk and medium-component OSL signals were thermally unstable. The medium component in the natural OSL was clearly truncated in comparison to the regenerated OSL; the medium component is thus considered to be the main cause of the underestimated ages. Similar effects of a dominant medium-component OSL have been reported in tectonically active regions, which are also prone to tsunamis. The effect of this dominance should be carefully considered in quartz OSL dating of tsunami deposits.}, keywords = {AD 869 Jogan tsunami Fast-component OSL OSL dating Sendai plain Tsunami deposits}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300364}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Tang, Shuang-Li and Li, Sheng-Hua}, title = {Low temperature thermochronology using thermoluminescence signals from quartz}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {92-97}, abstract = {Isothermal thermoluminescence (ITL) and thermoluminescence (TL) signals from quartz were studied. A single aliquot regenerative dose protocol has been applied for ITL De determination (SAR-ITL). In the SAR-ITL protocol, the preheat condition was a cutheat to 10 °C higher than measurement temperature. The test dose was approximate to the expected De, and a 450 °C heat was given at end of each cycle to minimize signal build-up. Based on signals strength and dose recovery test, temperatures of 235 and 255 °C were selected for the ITL De measurement. A multiple aliquots regenerative protocol has been applied for TL De determination (MAR-TL). The preheat procedure was a cutheat of 235 °C and a second glow TL of 175 Gy was used for normalization. The sensitivity change of first heating to 450 °C was negligible, supported by comparison between additive and regenerative dose growth curves. Based on the natural TL signal and preheat condition studies, De values at temperatures of 250–330 °C were used for thermochronological study. These two protocols were applied to rock samples collected at different elevations from Nujiang River (also called Salween River) valley slope. The SAR-ITL gave De results consistent with the MAR-TL at temperatures of 40–50 °C higher. The results clearly demonstrate the differences in the thermal histories between the analyzed samples. The SAR-ITL and MAR-TL protocols were both found to be suitable for application in thermochronology.}, keywords = {Thermochronology Luminescence ITL TL Quartz Protocol}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300123}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Tankersley, Kenneth Barnett and Murari, Madhav Krishna and Crowley, Brooke E. and Owen, Lewis A. and Storrs, Glenn W. and Mortensen, Litsa}, title = {Quaternary chronostratigraphy and stable isotope paleoecology of Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, USA}, journal = {Quaternary Research}, volume = {83}, number = {3}, pages = {479-487}, abstract = {Big Bone Lick (BBL) in northern Kentucky, USA has been a critical geologic site in the historical development of North American Quaternary vertebrate paleontology since the 1700s. Sedimentology, geoarcheology, paleontology, accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were undertaken to develop a chronostratigraphy and history of erosion and deposition for the site to provide a foundation for understanding taphonomy, and species extinction and adaptation to periods of climatic and environmental change. Three geomorphic surfaces are recognized at BBL representing significant periods of floodplain aggradation since the last glacial maximum (26.5–19 ka) dating to the Oldest Dryas (Tazewell, 25–19 ka), the Older Dryas (Cary, 14–12 ka), and late Holocene (5 ka to the present). Unconformities suggest significant periods of degradation during the transitions from cold and dry to warm and moist climates from the Oldest Dryas (Tazewell) to Bølling Oscillation, from the Older Dryas (Cary) to the Allerød, and from the Younger Dryas (Valders) to the Holocene Climatic Optimum. Increased anthropogenic activities since ~ 5 ka may have increased soil upland erosion and floodplain aggradation. Stable isotopes demonstrate that the landscape has been dominated by C3 vegetation since the last glacial maximum.}, keywords = {Vertebrate fossils Stable isotopes Optically stimulated luminescence dating Radiocarbon dating Sedimentology}, ISSN = {0033-5894}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.01.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589415000101}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Telfer, Matt}, title = {Luminescence, Desert Dunes}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {72}, pages = {452-456}, abstract = {Dune chronostratigraphy; OSL dating Definition Luminescence dating. Geochronological method relying on the dosimetrical properties of common minerals to accumulate a trapped charge proportional to burial age and the dose rate. Desert dunes. Discrete aeolian landforms, typically dominated by sand, found in dryland regions of the world. Introduction In many respects, desert dunes are the ideal medium for the application of luminescence dating. They are typically dominated by sand-sized quartz, occur in an environmental setting typified by intense sunlight and relatively rapid aeolian sedimentation (leading to well-defined “bleaching” events), and are usually characterized by a lack of other dateable material. Crucially, their dynamism overlaps very closely with the typical range of timescales to which luminescence dating is applicable (i.e., 10 − 5 × 105 years). It is, thus, unsurprising that it was desert dunes that saw the first geoscience application of luminescence dating, with Singhvi et al.’s (1982) landmark geochronological study of the Indian Thar desert. The earliest studies used heat as the stimulation source (thermoluminescence, or TL), and indeed TL continued to be applied to dune sequences routinely for the next 20 years or so, but Huntley et al.’s (1985) use of light (Optically Stimulated Luminescence, or OSL) has become by far the most commonly used method today. It was not, however, merely the ability to date dunes directly for the first time that drove a rapid expansion in interest in luminescence dating of desert dunes; the research agenda was driven primarily because it had long been recognized that desert dunes are among the most dynamic and environmentally sensitive of earth’s terrestrial systems.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_72}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_72}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Tema, Evdokia and Polymeris, Georgios and Morales, Juan and Goguitchaichvili, Avto and Tsaknaki, Vassiliki}, title = {Dating of ancient kilns: A combined archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence analysis applied to a brick workshop at Kato Achaia, Greece}, journal = {Journal of Cultural Heritage}, volume = {16}, number = {4}, pages = {496-507}, abstract = {We present here the results of a detailed archaeomagnetic and thermoluminescence investigation performed on bricks from two ancient kilns excavated at Kato Achaia, Greece. Magnetic mineralogy measurements have been carried out to determine the main magnetic carrier of the samples. The directions of the characteristic remanent magnetization of each structure have been obtained from standard thermal demagnetisation procedures and the absolute archaeointensity has been determined with the Thellier modified by Coe method, accompanied by regular partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) checks. The full geomagnetic field vector was used for the archaeomagnetic dating of the two kilns, after comparison with the reference secular variation curves calculated directly at the site of Kato Achaia. Independent dating has also been obtained from thermoluminescence (TL) analysis on four brick samples from each kiln. The dating results obtained from the two methods have been compared and the last firing of each kiln has been estimated from the combination of the two techniques. Using the independent date offered by TL dating, the new archaeomagnetic data have been compared with other data from the same time period and they can further be used as reference points to enrich our knowledge about the past secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field in Greece.}, keywords = {Dating Archaeomagnetism Thermoluminescence Bricks Secular variation}, ISSN = {1296-2074}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1296207414001356}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Thiel, Christine and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Tokuyasu, Kayoko and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Murray, Andrew S. and Tanaka, Kazuhiro and Shirai, Masaaki}, title = {Testing the application of quartz and feldspar luminescence dating to MIS 5 Japanese marine deposits}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {29}, number = {0}, pages = {16-29}, abstract = {The applicability of both quartz and feldspar luminescence dating was tested on twenty-five samples from a marine succession now forming a coastal cliff at Oga Peninsula, Honshu Island, Japan. The quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal shows thermal instability and linear modulated (LM)-OSL analysis revealed the dominance of a slow component. When compared with independent age control provided by two marker tephras, the quartz OSL ages grossly underestimate the depositional age. In contrast, potassium (K)-rich feldspar is a suitable dosimeter when measured using post-IR infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) at 225 °C (pIRIR225). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses on the feldspar extracts revealed that the grains are amorphous with small crystalline inclusions; using standard internal dose rate parameters, this would result in a too large dose rate. Dose rates were calculated using the observed grain size of 40 ± 20 μm with an assumed K concentration of 12.5 ± 0.5%. The fading corrected pIRIR225 ages agree well with independent age control, and the sediments of the Katanishi Formation were deposited between 82 ± 6 and 170 ± 16 ka. This study demonstrates that pIRIR dating of feldspar is a powerful chronological tool for the dating of sediments of volcanic origin.}, keywords = {Quartz OSL Slow OSL component Post-IR IRSL Internal dose rate Japan}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300212}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Thompson, JeroenW}, title = {Band Structure}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {50}, pages = {81-81}, abstract = {Electronic band structure Definition Configuration of allowed and disallowed electron states. Crystals (structures consisting of regularly repeating units) typically have “energy bands” in which an electron may have any energy within a continuous, or nearly continuous, energy range. Energy bands are separated by “band gaps” which specify a range of energies which are impossible for an electron in that system to have. A variety of models and mathematical tools can be used to determine the nature of a particular crystalline material’s electronic band structure from the basic principles of quantum mechanics. For discussion here, we will concern ourselves only with the highest-energy fully or partially occupied band (“valence band”) and lowest-energy unoccupied band (“conduction band”). In an insulator, the ground state consists of a fully occupied valence band and an empty conduction band. The random excitations due to ambient temperatures are not sufficient to add enough energy to an electron so that it may occupy a state in the conduction band, where it is free to move. In contrast, the ground state of a metal consists of a partially occupied valence band. Here there is no energy gap, and even thermal excitations are sufficient to populate some higher-energy states in the valence, leaving behind unoccupied states of lower energy. Electrons may therefore absorb energy, be promoted to higher-energy states, move (conduct) through the crystal, and finally release energy when recombining with a so-called hole. The physical basis of electron spin resonance, optically stimulated luminescence, and thermoluminescence dating (so-called “trapped charge” techniques) rely on defects in the otherwise perfect pattern of a crystal. These defects can introduce localized energy states in the band gap, and transitions between localized defect states and nonlocalized band states are responsible for the underlying physics of these techniques.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_50}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_50}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Thompson, JeroenW}, title = {Beta Counter}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {51}, pages = {82-82}, abstract = { Beta counter: Instrument for the detection of beta particles and hence quantification of beta-emitting radioactive material. Beta particle (β −): Electron emitted from an atomic nucleus during a nuclear decay in which the atomic number (Z) increases by 1 (essentially, a proton is converted to a neutron with emission of an electron from the nucleus). Proportional counter: A gas-filled radiation detector in which electrons are accelerated towards an anode, creating secondary ionization events in the gas, which in turn cause additional ionization events, etc. This cascade (Townsend avalanche; charge amplification) results in electronic pulses which are proportional to the energy originally deposited within the detector by ionizing radiation. Liquid scintillation counter: A liquid-filled radiation detector in which a radioactive sample is dissolved into a liquid scintillator (typically based on an organic solvent such as toluene). Deposition of energy through ionizing radiation results in the emission of light by the liquid scintillator, with detection by one or more photomultiplier tubes. Beta counters are used in “conventional” 14C dating to measure the activity of 14C. Regardless of detection technique, a measured count rate (decays/second [Bq] or equivalent) is related to quantity through the known half-life of 14C. Beta counting can also be used to directly measure environmental beta activity in luminescence dating dose rate determinations (Sanderson, 1988; Roberts et al., 2003). The relatively low energy of the beta particles emitted by 14C requires attention to the detector counting efficiency. One approach is to convert the sample carbon to the gas CO2, which is mixed with a fill gas and introduced into a gas proportional counter. Alternately, the carbon can be converted to benzene and then mixed with a solvent and liquid scintillation cocktail for counting of light pulses emitted as a result of energy deposited by individual beta particles. Cross-references Radiation and Radioactivity Radiocarbon Dating}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_51}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_51}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Thompson, JeroenW}, title = {Radiation Defect}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Rink, W.J. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {53}, pages = {657-657}, abstract = {Radiation defects are divided into two types: (1) those produced by atomic displacements of normal lattice site elements during irradiation (intrinsic) which are later modified by ionizing radiation and (2) those created initially during growth of the crystal lattice by substitution of an impurity atom or molecule (extrinsic) that are later modified by ionizing radiation. These types of defects are radiation sensitive, that is, they accumulate with increasing levels of ionizing radiation. Radiation defects are utilized in all forms of trapped charge or radiation exposure dating, i.e., thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), electron spin resonance (ESR), and other less common techniques. Ionizing radiation from natural background sources creates ions and free electrons; these ions and/or electrons may be stabilized (trapped) as radiation-induced defects before recombination can occur at normal lattice sites. If a signal related to concentration of defects can be measured through a suitable technique (such as TL, OSL, or ESR) and if the signal can be related to the total absorbed radiation dose, then an age may be inferred from a measurement of signal intensity in combination with a determination of past radiation dose rate. In many cases, the precise identity of the defect(s) responsible for a given dating signal may not be known. One example of a known class of extrinsic radiation defects is the Al center. The parent center is an Al3+ ion substituting for Si4+ in quartz (crystalline SiO2), accompanied by an interstitial cation M+ for reasons of charge neutrality: [AlO4/Li+]0, [AlO4/Na+]0, and [AlO4/H+]0 are neutral parent centers (Ikeya, 1993). An electron released due to the action of ionizing radiation may result in a hole trapped at the Al defect site, with the cation diffusing away to form the stable radiation defect [AlO4/h]0. The concentration of Al defects may be determined through electron spin resonance spectroscopy at low temperatures (77 K). An example of an intrinsic radiation defect is the E'1 center in quartz. This is an oxygen vacancy charged with a single unpaired electron located on an adjacent silicon atom (Rudra and Fowler, 1987).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_53}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_53}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @inbook{ author = {Thomsen, KristinaJørkov}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Instrumentation}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {121}, pages = {422-425}, abstract = {The basic instrumentation required to obtain a dose based on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals consists of four main components: (i) a luminescence detection system, (ii) a stimulation light source, (iii) a heating system, and (iv) an irradiation facility. To obtain a thermoluminescence (TL) dose, a stimulation light source is not required.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_121}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_121}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Thomsen, K. J. and Kook, M. and Murray, A. S. and Jain, M. and Lapp, T.}, title = {Single-grain results from an EMCCD-based imaging system}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {185-191}, abstract = {Here we compare the performance of an EMCCD-based imaging system with the standard laser-based single-grain Risø attachment. We first compare gamma dose distributions and the relative sensitivity of the two instruments is investigated using a single sample, by comparing the number of grains accepted into a dose distribution. EMCCD cross-talk is shown to be of concern at low light levels. We also make use of the fact that the EMCCD can observe TL signals from individual grains to examine the use of the correlation between the quartz 110 °C TL peak and the fast component OSL signal to correct for sensitivity change. Finally, we present the OSL dose distributions from a set of both well-bleached and poorly-bleached sedimentary samples. From a comparison of the measured doses, we conclude that the two instruments give indistinguishable dose estimates and dispersions, despite the fact that the laser-based system is effectively about four times as sensitive as the EMCCD.}, keywords = {EMCCD imaging OSL TL Quartz Single-grain}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.02.015}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000426}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Timar-Gabor, A. and Constantin, D. and Buylaert, J. P. and Jain, M. and Murray, A. S. and Wintle, A. G.}, title = {Fundamental investigations of natural and laboratory generated SAR dose response curves for quartz OSL in the high dose range}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {150-156}, abstract = {SAR-OSL investigations on quartz from Romanian loess resulted in non concordant fine and coarse-grain ages for equivalent doses higher than ∼100 Gy. The laboratory dose response for both grain sizes is well represented by a sum of two saturating exponential functions, fine and coarse grains characterised by D01 and D02 values of ∼140 and ∼1400 Gy and ∼65 and ∼650 Gy respectively. Pulsed OSL experiments confirmed that this behaviour is almost certainly inherent to quartz and not caused by contamination with another mineral. Natural dose–response curves do not follow the same pattern and enter saturation much earlier. Analysis of time resolved spectra indicated similar luminescence lifetimes for both fine and coarse quartz grains, and natural and laboratory generated OSL signals seem to use the same non-dose-dependent recombination pathways. The natural signals of a sample with an expected equivalent dose of 2000–2500 Gy were found to be below the saturation level of the laboratory dose response curve for both grain sizes; this also applied to the luminescence signals measured after >5000 Gy given on top of natural doses.}, keywords = {Quartz CW-OSL TR-OSL SAR protocol Dose response}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000141}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Timar-Gabor, A. and Constantin, D. and Marković, S. B. and Jain, M.}, title = {Extending the area of investigation of fine versus coarse quartz optical ages from the Lower Danube to the Carpathian Basin}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {388}, pages = {168-176}, abstract = {Despite the general satisfactory performance of quartz in the single aliquot regeneration protocol (SAR), previous optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating studies of key loess sections in Romania, Lower Danube region, revealed a disturbing disagreement among the ages obtained on fine (4–11 μm) grains and coarse (63–90 μm) grains respectively. The current study aims at expanding these investigations, both by extending the area of study from the Lower Danube Basin to the Carpathian Basin and by applying time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence (TR-OSL) on quartz, in order to gain further insights into the above mentioned behaviour. The samples from the Orlovat loess paleosol section (Vojvodina, Serbia) showed a similar behaviour to that previously reported on Romanian loess. A marked difference between the dose saturation characteristics of fine and coarse quartz OSL signals is observed for both continuous wave (CW-OSL) and pulsed OSL (POSL), where the dose response (up to 1000 Gy) is well described by a sum of two saturating exponential functions. TR-OSL measurements show one single, characteristic quartz lifetime for both natural as well as regenerative signals in the entire dose range investigated. A general disagreement between the ages obtained on the two grain sizes for samples with equivalent doses higher than about 100 Gy is reported as in the case of Romanian loess, inferring that the age discrepancy between the two grain sizes might be more widespread than previously thought.}, keywords = {Quartz Loess Single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol Dose response Time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence (TR-OSL)}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.065}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S104061821400723X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Tissoux, H. and Voinchet, P. and Lacquement, F. and Despriée, J.}, title = {ESR as a method for the characterization of alluvial sediments}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {2-8}, abstract = {The possibility of using the parameters involved in the ESR dating of optically bleached quartz grains in a purpose of source determination was checked. In that aim, samples previously taken in different sedimentary formations of the Middle Loire Basin (Central France) and dated by ESR have been observed. First discrimination was made using the thorium and potassium content in the sediments obtained by gamma spectrometry. The plot of these 119 data on the Th/K Schlumberger diagram clearly demonstrated that it was possible to discriminate the clays associations included in the sediment from which the dated quartz are extracted. Clay's nature could then be indicative of the geological nature of the substratum of rivers from their sources. Second discrimination was made using the ESR intensities calculated from Al, Ti–H and Ti–Li paramagnetic centres on 18 samples. It appears that the combination of the non-bleachable aluminum trap (DAT) saturation intensity and the Ti–H/Ti–Li ratio intensities make possible the discrimination of the two main sources of the sediment: Massif Central and Paris Basin. More deeply, The Ti/OBAT (Optically bleachable aluminum traps) intensities made possible the discrimination of quartz grains of different geological sources or with different geothermal history within the Massif Central group.}, keywords = {ESR Quartz Gamma spectrometry Thorium Potassium Sources Al Ti}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.05.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300317}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Tooth, Stephen}, title = {Luminescence, Geomorphological Processes}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {98}, pages = {470-475}, abstract = {Geomorphology is the science that studies the origin and development of landforms and how those landforms combine to form landscapes. Landforms are shaped by geomorphological processes, many of which involve the weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition of surface materials (rock, sediment) by gravity, ice, wind, or water. Both erosional and depositional landforms can be identified, and study objectives may include establishing (1) the initial timing of surface material movement (hence, landform age), (2) the timings of subsequent surface material movement (hence, landform development rate), and (3) the nature of surface material movement (sediment dynamics). Using a similar threefold breakdown, the focus here is on how luminescence dating can contribute to these objectives. Luminescence dating is a family of techniques most suitable for investigating fine-grained (typically silt, sand) depositional landforms. The basic principles of luminescence dating and the various techniques are explained in other entries (e.g., see “Luminescence Dating”), and the emphasis here is mainly on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, which typically can be applied to quartz-rich sediment ranging in age from a few years to several hundred thousand years.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_98}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_98}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Toyoda, Shin}, title = {Paramagnetic lattice defects in quartz for applications to ESR dating}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {498-505}, abstract = {Quartz is one of the minerals useful for ESR dating with many applications. Although the study has quite a long history since 1980's, ESR dating of quartz is still in a developing stage. After the basis in physics for the ESR signals in quartz is described, the current status of ESR dating of quartz is summarized for applications to fault gouge, tephra and sediment. Both basic studies for mechanisms and practical applications with independent age controls are still necessary to establish the protocols.}, keywords = {Quartz ESR Impurity Oxygen vacancy Dating}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300236}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Toyoda, Shin and Banerjee, Debabrata and Kumagai, Hidenori and Miyazaki, Junichi and Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro and Mochizuki, Nobutatsu and Kojima, Shigeaki}, title = {Gamma Ray Doses in Water Around Sea Floor Hydrothermal Area in the Southern Mariana Trough}, booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems}, editor = {Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro and Okino, Kyoko and Sunamura, Michinari}, publisher = {Springer Japan}, chapter = {46}, pages = {603-606}, abstract = {he dose rates in sea water in the Southern Mariana Trough sea floor hydrothermal area were investigated. The dose rate in sea water was less than detection limit (about 0.1 mGy/year) near the sea surface while it was around 2 mGy/year at the sea floor of hydrothermal area, where those levels of dose rates will be negligible for ESR (electron spin resonance) dating of barite of sulfide deposits. During the dive by a submarine vehicle, there were three locations at which the level of dose rate increases more than ten times as much as the usual level. One was very close to a hydrothermal vent, but no hydrothermal activities were found near the other locations.}, keywords = {Gamma ray Hydrothermal water NaI spectrometer}, ISBN = {978-4-431-54864-5}, DOI = {10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_46}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_46}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Trandafir, O. and Timar-Gabor, A. and Schmidt, C. and Veres, D. and Anghelinu, M. and Hambach, U. and Simon, S.}, title = {OSL dating of fine and coarse quartz from a Palaeolithic sequence on the Bistrița Valley (Northeastern Romania)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {487-492}, abstract = {Previous works focused on optically stimulated luminescence dating of quartz extracted from Romanian and Serbian loess reported significant discrepancies between ages obtained on fine (4–11 μm) and coarse (63–90 μm) quartz. The present study is directed at expanding these investigations. The SAR-OSL and double SAR-OSL protocols are applied on quartz of different grain sizes belonging to 9 samples extracted from a newly identified archaeological site at Bistricioara-Lutărie III on the Bistrița Valley (NE Romania). Radiocarbon ages are also obtained for the 3 uppermost cultural layers hosted in the loess-like deposit. Discrepant ages are obtained between fine (4–11 μm) and coarse (63–90 and 90–200 μm, respectively) quartz for equivalent doses higher than ∼80–100 Gy. However, a very good agreement is achieved for the youngest sample, with an age of ∼8 ka (with a De of 38 Gy for fine and 35 Gy for coarse grains, respectively). The comparison with independent control provided by radiocarbon dating suggests better agreement of ages calculated for coarse quartz. Our results are once again proof that concerns should be raised regarding the reliability of the equivalent doses obtained on quartz samples for which the laboratory dose response cannot be fitted by a single saturating exponential function. Further systematic investigations are required regarding the very different saturation characteristics of fine and coarse grained quartz.}, keywords = {OSL dating Radiocarbon dating Quartz grain size Romania}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.12.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101414001150}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Tribolo, C. and Rasse, M. and Soriano, S. and Huysecom, E.}, title = {Defining a chronological framework for the Middle Stone Age in West Africa: Comparison of methods and models for OSL ages at Ounjougou (Mali)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {29}, number = {0}, pages = {80-96}, abstract = {Ounjougou is the name of a large complex of archaeological sites, that were extensively studied between 1997 and 2008 by the international team of the “Human settlement and palaeoenvironment in West Africa” project. This complex is important because well stratified Palaeolithic sites in West Africa are rare, and because it covers a long period of time (most of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene) and exhibits a wide set of technical cultures. Therefore, for the first time it is possible to propose a chronological framework for the human settlement in this region that can be related to other technical cultures in Africa and to palaeoenvironmental data. The purpose of this paper is to present the OSL dating results obtained from 57 sediment samples that led to this framework. Measurements were first performed between 2004 and 2006 in Oxford (School of Geography), using micro-aliquots (2–10 grains) OSL and ICP-MS for determination of equivalent doses and beta-dose rates, respectively (gamma dose rates being deduced from field gamma spectrometry). More recently, new measurements were done on 28 samples of this former set at the IRAMAT-CRP2A laboratory in Bordeaux, where “true” single quartz grain OSL and high resolution gamma spectrometry measurements were performed. Both sets of results are, for all but two samples, statistically consistent with each other. A consistent chrono-stratigraphic framework can thus be deduced, covering the Upper Pleistocene. It suggests that the region was regularly visited during this time interval and more particularly during Marine Isotope Stage 3, when groups with different technical cultures followed each other relatively rapidly.}, keywords = {Palaeolithic West Africa OSL Single grain Small aliquots Bioturbation}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300261}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Tschinkel, Walter R. and Rink, William J. and Kwapich, Christina L.}, title = {Sequential Subterranean Transport of Excavated Sand and Foraged Seeds in Nests of the Harvester Ant, Pogonomyrmex badius}, journal = {PLoS ONE}, volume = {10}, number = {10}, pages = {e0139922}, abstract = {

During their approximately annual nest relocations, Florida harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex badius) excavate large and architecturally-distinct subterranean nests. Aspects of this process were studied by planting a harvester ant colony in the field in a soil column composed of layers of 12 different colors of sand. Quantifying the colors of excavated sand dumped on the surface by the ants revealed the progress of nest deepening to 2 m and enlargement to 8 L in volume. Most of the excavation was completed within about 2 weeks, but the nest was doubled in volume after a winter lull. After 7 months, we excavated the nest and mapped its structure, revealing colored sand deposited in non-host colored layers, especially in the upper 30 to 40 cm of the nest. In all, about 2.5% of the excavated sediment was deposited below ground, a fact of importance to sediment dating by optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL). Upward transport of excavated sand is carried out in stages, probably by different groups of ants, through deposition, re-transport, incorporation into the nest walls and floors and remobilization from these. This results in considerable mixing of sand from different depths, as indicated in the multiple sand colors even within single sand pellets brought to the surface. Just as sand is transported upward by stages, incoming seeds are transported downward to seed chambers. Foragers collect seeds and deposit them only in the topmost nest chambers from which a separate group of workers rapidly transports them downward in increments detectable as a "wave" of seeds that eventually ends in the seed chambers, 20 to 80 cm below the surface. The upward and downward transport is an example of task-partitioning in a series-parallel organization of work carried out by a highly redundant work force in which each worker usually completes only part of a multi-step process.

}, keywords = {bioturbation central age model camac dose distribution OSL single grain OSL}, DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0139922}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0139922}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Tsukamoto, Sumiko}, title = {Luminescence, Volcanic Rocks}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {100}, pages = {493-495}, abstract = {Luminescence dating methods are applicable to estimate ages of past volcanic eruptions using (1) volcanic phenocrysts (quartz and feldspar) and glass within volcanic rocks (including unconsolidated tephra) and (2) rocks heated by lava or pyroclastic flow. Unlike luminescence dating of light-exposed sediments, the luminescence clock is reset by heating or is naturally zero at the time of crystallization. Another resetting mechanism of temperature-assisted hydrostatic pressure by phreatic eruptions has been also proposed (Zöller et al., 2009). Introduction The first attempt of luminescence dating of volcanic rocks has been done by Wintle (1973) using thermoluminescence (TL) of rhyolites and basalts containing plagioclase phenocrysts. She found, however, a significant signal loss in artificially irradiated samples after a storage, which is known as anomalous fading, leading to an age underestimation. Since then, luminescence dating studies using quartz, feldspar, and volcanic glass have been done both using TL and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). A comprehensive review of luminescence dating of volcanic products was published by Fattahi and Stokes (2003).}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_100}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_100}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Toyoda, Shin and Tani, Atsushi and Oppermann, Frank}, title = {Single aliquot regenerative dose method for ESR dating using X-ray irradiation and preheat}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {9-15}, abstract = {Equivalent dose (De) estimations in electron spin resonance (ESR) dating have mostly been done by the multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD) method despite disadvantages. In this study, we used X-ray irradiations and applied the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) technique to ESR De measurements of a volcanic quartz with independent age control. As the SAR protocol involves multiple steps of irradiations and readouts during a short period of time using a single aliquot, the thermal stabilities of the Al and Ti centres from natural and X-ray irradiated aliquots were compared by a pulse annealing test. The thermal stability of natural and regenerated ESR signals is significantly different for both Al and Ti centres and preheats are therefore considered necessary after artificial irradiations. The X-ray dose rate for quartz was calibrated using the same sample which was heated and irradiated with a known gamma dose. The SAR De values using the natural sample were obtained by means of a preheat plateau test. To check and correct for possible sensitivity change induced by the annealing used to reset the natural ESR signals, the single aliquot regeneration and added dose (SARA) method was applied. The SARA De values for the Al and Ti centres were in agreement, however, this De value overestimated the expected De from the independent age control, possibly because our sample was too old for the SARA method.}, keywords = {ESR dating X-ray irradiation SAR SARA Volcanic quartz}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.01.018}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715000268}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Varma, Vaidehi and Toyoda, Shin and Isono, Yusuke and Uchida, Ai and Banerjee, Debabrata and Singhvi, AshokKumar and Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro}, title = {OSL Dating of Sea Floor Sediments at the Okinawa Trough}, booktitle = {Subseafloor Biosphere Linked to Hydrothermal Systems}, editor = {Ishibashi, Jun-ichiro and Okino, Kyoko and Sunamura, Michinari}, publisher = {Springer Japan}, chapter = {48}, pages = {617-620}, abstract = {n estimating the ages of sea floor hydrothermal deposits, the age of the sediments overlying it would give the youngest limit if the sedimentation age is correct. The OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) method was applied to two sediment cores taken by an acrylic corer from the seafloor in the Okinawa Trough. The ages, obtained by the polymineral fine grain method, did not correlate with the stratigraphic sequence within the core, implying either insufficient bleaching of the sediments at the time of the deposition or mixing of sediments of different ages. The polymineral fine grain OSL dating method did not work to date the present sediment samples at the sea floor in the Okinawa Trough.}, keywords = {OSL dating Polymineral fine grain Sea floor sediment}, ISBN = {978-4-431-54864-5}, DOI = {10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_48}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54865-2_48}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Veit, Heinz and Preusser, Frank and Trauerstein, Mareike}, title = {The Southern Westerlies in Central Chile during the two last glacial cycles as documented by coastal aeolian sand deposits and intercalating palaeosols}, journal = {CATENA}, volume = {134}, pages = {30-40}, abstract = {Changes in the position and intensity of the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW) and related causal processes during the Quaternary are controversial and not well understood. Here, we present a record from continental Central Chile, based on coastal aeolian sand and dunes with intercalated palaeosols, reaching back 190 ka in time. Sixteen samples for luminescence dating and additional samples for geochemical procedures were analysed from three locations in the “Norte Chico” (La Serena, Los Vilos, Las Ventanas). Besides the recent Bw-horizons, four palaeosols (Btb1, Btb2, Btb3, Btb4) are identified. They formed in periods with stable surface conditions and a relatively dense vegetation cover, whereas sand accumulation reflects increased aeolian activity under dry conditions and, in parts, glacial sea level lowering. Three of these soils are well bracketed by luminescence data to < 14 ka (Bw), 59–47 ka (Btb4) and 135–125 ka (Btb2). The formation of Btb1 and Btb3 tentatively occurred at 190–160 ka and 107–95 ka. Btb-horizons are interpreted to reflect wetter conditions than modern ones (Bw-horizons). Since the only way to bring wetter conditions to the coastal area of the Norte Chico are the SWW, the documented changes should reflect changes in paleo atmospheric circulation. The more humid periods appear to show a periodicity, dominated by the obliquity cycle. Increased Antarctic sea-ice during austral winter combined with a weak South Pacific Anticyclone at subtropical latitudes, seem to have favoured winter incursions of humid air masses from the Westerlies.}, keywords = {Quaternary Southern Westerly Winds Chile Dunes Paleosols Luminescence dating}, ISSN = {0341-8162}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0341816214003233}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Voinchet, Pierre and Moreno, Davinia and Bahain, Jean-Jacques and Tissoux, Hélène and Tombret, Olivier and Falguères, Christophe and Moncel, Marie-Hélène and Schreve, Danielle and Candy, Ian and Antoine, Pierre and Ashton, Nick and Beamish, Matt and Cliquet, Dominique and Despriée, Jackie and Lewis, Simon and Limondin-Lozouet, Nicole and Locht, Jean-Luc and Parfitt, Simon and Pope, Matt}, title = {New chronological data (ESR and ESR/U-series) for the earliest Acheulian sites of north-western Europe}, journal = {Journal of Quaternary Science}, volume = {30}, number = {7}, pages = {610-622}, abstract = {Increasing evidence suggests that bifacial technology (Acheulian, Mode 2) arrived in Europe during the early Middle Pleistocene, i.e. significantly earlier than previously proposed. In northern France and Britain, much of the age attribution for these assemblages has been based on biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy rather than absolute dates. This study presents a systematic application of electron spin resonance (ESR) dating of sedimentary quartz and ESR/U-series dating of fossil tooth enamel to key Acheulian sites of this area. Although the age estimates have large associated uncertainties, most of the derived dates are consistent with existing age estimates. The new chronologies and the problems associated with dating material of early Middle Pleistocene age are discussed. In Britain, the earliest archaeology (cores and flakes, Mode 1) is older than Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15, whereas localities containing Acheulian technologies span late MIS 15/MIS 13 through to MIS 9. A similar pattern is seen in northern France although age estimates from sites such as la Noira suggest the possible appearance of the Acheulian in central France as early as MIS 17. The dates presented here support the suggestion that the earliest Acheulian appeared in NW Europe during the early Middle Pleistocene, significantly after its appearance in the southern parts of the continent.}, keywords = {Acheulian archaeology early Middle Pleistocene ESR geochronology Lower Palaeolithic quartz U-series}, ISSN = {1099-1417}, DOI = {10.1002/jqs.2814}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2814}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Voinchet, P. and Toyoda, S. and Falguères, C. and Hernandez, M. and Tissoux, H. and Moreno, D. and Bahain, J. J.}, title = {Evaluation of ESR residual dose in quartz modern samples, an investigation on environmental dependence}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {506-512}, abstract = {Luminescence and ESR dating methods of quartz sediment are based on the natural resetting of the signal by light exposure (optical bleaching). When the bleaching is incomplete, a residual dose (DeR) is added to the post-depositional dose accumulated since the deposit and hence the age is overestimated. Insufficient bleaching is usually linked to the environment and conditions of transport/deposition of the quartz grains affecting the light exposure duration. Indeed, each transportation mode – fluvial, marine or aeolian – is associated to specific conditions of light exposure, depending mainly to the location of grains in the transport agent during the transport phase, the opacity of the transport environment and the velocity of the transport. The present study attempts to discriminate the modes of transport/deposition providing a satisfying reset of the ESR signals of quartz grains. For this purpose, we investigated bleaching rates and ESR residual doses of aluminum centers from “present-day” aeolian, fluvial and marine sediments sampled in various sedimentary environments. The bleaching efficiency evaluation in these different environments may help for a better understanding of the resetting phenomenon for quartz signals which represents presently the main difficulty for ESR dating. The results show that the residual doses are small enough to allow an ESR dating of the main part of the sediment transported in almost all the context examined in this study. The smallest residual doses are obtained from quartz grains within the range of 100–200 μm and transported in clear water. Some limits for the application of optically bleached quartz ESR dating appears nevertheless, mainly when the residual dose and the dose accumulated after the deposit are quite similar, i.e. for Upper Pleistocene samples.}, keywords = {ESR dating Quartz Optical bleaching Residual doses}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000308}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Wallinga, Jakob and Cunningham, AlastairC}, title = {Luminescence Dating, Uncertainties and Age Range}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {197}, pages = {440-445}, abstract = {Luminescence ages have an uncertainty of at least 4–5 %, mainly due to systematic errors in both dose rate (conversion factors) and equivalent dose (source calibration) estimation. In most cases, the uncertainty will be higher, due to random errors (e.g., spread in equivalent doses) or uncertainty in assumptions (e.g., water content fluctuations, burial history). Dating is possible for a wide age range of a few decades to about half a million years, although uncertainties are usually relatively large toward the extremes of this range. Uncertainties As with any method, results of luminescence dating contain errors or uncertainties. Adequate assessment of errors is important, for instance, to correctly assess rates of processes or leads and lags in natural or anthropogenic systems, or contemporaneity of different sites (e.g., Guerin et al., 2013). It is common practice in the luminescence community to present 1-sigma uncertainties, implying that there is a 68 % likelihood that the true answer is within the presented range. This of course only holds if all sources of uncertainty are adequately considered. Error propagation in luminescence dating is not straightforward. Uncertainties in both dose rate and palaeodose estimation should be taken into account, as both contribute equally to the uncertainty in the final age estimate. Moreover, the errors should not only comprise the measurement uncertainties (e.g., counting statistics) but also the uncertainties in instrument calibration and parameters used in calculations. Finally, difficult-to-quantify errors may arise from assumptions made for equivalent dose or dose rate calculation. The most-important sources of uncertainty are discussed below, differentiating between random and systematic errors. The first arise mainly from counting statistics and may be reduced by additional measurements (i.e., longer duration, more samples, larger samples). The latter are usually related to instrument calibration, conversion factors used, or assumptions made and cannot easily be reduced.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_197}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_197}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Wang, Jing and Chen, Guoneng and Peng, Zhuolun and Grapes, Rodney}, title = {Loess-like deposits in the Pearl River delta area, southeast China}, journal = {Aeolian Research}, volume = {19, Part A}, pages = {113-122}, abstract = {A layer of yellow silt is widely distributed in the late Quaternary succession of the Pearl River delta, southeast China. A representative section at Xi Lingang was analyzed using particle size analysis, scanning electron microscope observation, geochemical analysis and OSL dating to determine the characteristics and genesis of the yellow silt. Grain size composition of the yellow silt is homogeneous and comparable to typical north China loess (10–50 μm as “basic grain size group”, <5 μm as “secondary grain size group”). Grain size parameters and frequency distribution curves of the yellow silt also indicate an aeolian origin. Aeolian micro-textures with subangular–subrounded grains characterized by dished surface collision pits during wind transportation. Homogeneous major element composition of the yellow silt suggests that the dust has been well mixed and sorted prior to deposition, a typical feature of aeolian origin, but Chemical Index of Alteration values indicate that the yellow silt has suffered intense weathering after deposition. Five OSL dates obtained in this study and other geochronological data indicate that the yellow silt has a Last Glacial Maximum age. The grain size of loess across China becomes finer from northwest to southeast because of increasing transportation distance, and implies that the loess component of the yellow silt in the Pearl River delta area is also derived from a northwest China provenance.}, keywords = {Loess-like deposit Yellow silt Aeolian deposition Last Glacial Maximum Pearl River delta}, ISSN = {1875-9637}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.09.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875963715000865}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Wang, Xianyan and Vandenberghe, Jef and Yi, Shuangwen and Van Balen, Ronald and Lu, Huayu}, title = {Climate-dependent fluvial architecture and processes on a suborbital timescale in areas of rapid tectonic uplift: An example from the NE Tibetan Plateau}, journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, volume = {133}, pages = {318-329}, abstract = {The substantial tectonic uplift (1000–2500 m in a few million years) of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP), together with the major climatic changes during the Quaternary, provides an opportunity to study the impact of tectonic and climatic changes on the morphological development and sedimentary architecture of fluvial deposits. The effects of these processes are revealed by a terrace staircase, together with the stratigraphy of each individual terrace, in the confluence zone of the Huang Shui and Yellow Rivers in the NETP, during the late Quaternary. On the basis of morphological mapping and OSL-dating, at least seven strath terraces were identified that formed during the last glacial cycle, which are preserved at locations where tectonic uplift was sufficient to separate them altitudinally from one another. The terraces are composed of stacked fluvial gravels, sands and alluvial loams. The principal result is that we demonstrate that the terraces were formed in response to climatic cycles on a suborbital timescale. For each terrace, the lower coarse-grained sediments (gravel and sand) were deposited during cold periods (such as the LGM, MIS3b, MIS4 and MIS5d) associated with a strong Asian winter monsoon. The aggradation during cold periods was associated with floodplain widening. The river incised slightly during the transitions from cold to warm phases, resulting in the transformation of the previous river plain into a terrace. The coarse grained cold phase deposits are covered by inter-bedded, horizontally-laminated silt and sand (representing flood sediments that often contain reworked soil material), during the (cold to warm) transitional phases. The floodplain accumulation on the terrace continued during the subsequent warm period. The warm periods (such as MIS3a, MIS3c, and MIS5a) of the climatic cycles are associated with a strong Asian summer monsoon. Pronounced incision took place at the subsequent warm–cold transitions. After this warm–cold transition, aeolian loess accumulated on the abandoned terrace without any further fluvial reworking. Our results demonstrate that critical thresholds for fluvial response can be crossed at climatic changes on a suborbital timescale given conditions of accelerated tectonic uplift in the NETP. In addition, based on the OSL ages of different units in the sedimentary sequences of the terraces, we conclude that the durations of terrace aggradations and floodplain widening lasted much longer than the periods of fluvial downcutting.}, keywords = {Terrace formation Fluvial deposit Climatic impact Tectonic impact Optically stimulated luminescence dating Northeastern Tibetan Plateau}, ISSN = {0921-8181}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.09.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818115300436}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Wang, Xianyan and Yi, Shuangwen and Lu, Huayu and Vandenberghe, Jef and Han, Zhiyong}, title = {Aeolian process and climatic changes in loess records from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Response to global temperature forcing since 30 ka}, journal = {Paleoceanography}, volume = {30}, number = {6}, pages = {612-620}, abstract = {The response of surface processes to global climatic changes since the last glacial is critical to understanding the mechanism of climatic changes on the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, loess from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) was closely spaced dated to provide an independent high-resolution record of dust accumulation processes and millennial-scale climatic changes. Optically stimulated luminescence ages reveal episodes of rapid dust deposition at approximately 12.3 ka, 16 ka, 21–23 ka, 25–28 ka, and possibly also at 30–33 ka. These episodes are broadly correlated with high-latitude and marine records cold climatic events, such as the Younger Dryas, Heinrich event 1, and the Last Glacial Maximum. This correlation implies that dust storms in the NETP represent episodic aridification and wind strengthening, which is ascribed to the southward shift of the polar front and the intensification of the Siberian high-pressure cell that was forced by millennial-scale cooling in high northern latitudes.}, keywords = {loess climatic change OSL dating northeastern Tibetan Plateau cold events monsoon 1105 Quaternary geochronology 4914 Continental climate records 4901 Abrupt/rapid climate change}, ISSN = {1944-9186}, DOI = {10.1002/2014PA002731}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002731}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Wang, Yong and Long, Hao and Yi, Liang and Yang, Linhai and Ye, Xingyong and Shen, Ji}, title = {OSL chronology of a sedimentary sequence from the inner-shelf of the East China Sea and its implication on post-glacial deposition history}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {282-287}, abstract = {Sedimentary records from the inner-shelf of the East China Sea (ECS) are unique for the reconstruction of post-glacial palaeoclimate and sea-level changes. So far, the chronology of sediment succession from this region has mainly been based on radiocarbon dating, which might be problematic due to reworked deposition or old carbon contamination. In this study we tested the applicability of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to a drilling core (ECS-DZ1) taken from the northern ESC. A total of 20 OSL samples and two radiocarbon samples were collected from the upper 58 m of this core. The results indicate the likely sufficient reset of OSL signal of fine-grained (4–11 μm) quartz before burial, and thus reliable chronology for the studied core sediments. For one sample, however, the extracted coarse-grained (100–200 μm) quartz overestimated the deposition age significantly, presumably resulting from partial bleaching prior to deposition. The fine-grained quartz ages are generally consistent with the stratigraphical order, and the reliability of these OSL ages are further validated by two selective robust 14C dates. The chronological framework of core ECS-DZ1 reveals striking sedimentation-rate changes. By comparison with other chronostratigraphical records, we infer that post-glacial deposition history (since ∼15 ka) of the study site is likely related to regional sea-level rise and delta-estuary environment evolution, as well as strengthened human activities and/or coastal currents.}, keywords = {Shelf and coastal sediment East China Sea OSL dating Sea-level change The late glacial}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187110141530039X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Winsemann, Jutta and Lang, Jörg and Roskosch, Julia and Polom, Ulrich and Böhner, Utz and Brandes, Christian and Glotzbach, Christoph and Frechen, Manfred}, title = {Terrace styles and timing of terrace formation in the Weser and Leine valleys, northern Germany: Response of a fluvial system to climate change and glaciation}, journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews}, volume = {123}, pages = {31-57}, abstract = {In glaciated continental basins accommodation space is not only controlled by tectonics and sea-level but also by the position of ice-sheets, which may act as a regional base-level for fluvial systems. Although the Pleistocene terrace record of major river systems in northwestern Europe has been investigated by many authors, relatively little attention has been paid to base-level changes related to glacier advance–retreat cycles and how these regional changes in base-level interacted with river catchment processes. This study provides a synthesis of the stratigraphic architecture of Middle Pleistocene to Holocene fluvial terraces in the upper Weser and middle Leine valley in northern Germany and links it to glaciation, climate and base-level change. The depositional architecture of the fluvial terrace deposits has been reconstructed from outcrops and high-resolution shear wave seismic profiles. The chronology is based on luminescence ages, 230Th/U ages, 14C ages and Middle Palaeolithic archaeological assemblages. The drainage system of the study area developed during the Early Miocene. During the Pleistocene up to 170 m of fluvial incision took place. A major change in terrace style from strath terraces to cut-and-fill terraces occurred during the early Middle Pleistocene before Marine Isotope Stage MIS 12, which may correlate with climate deterioration and the onset of glaciation in northern central Europe. During this time a stable buffer zone was established within which channels avulsed and cut and filled freely without leaving these vertical confines. Climate was the dominant driver for river incision and aggradation, whereas the terrace style was controlled by base-level changes during ice-sheet growth and decay. A major effect of glacio-isostatic processes was the post-Elsterian re-direction of the River Weser and River Leine. The Middle Pleistocene fluvial terraces are vertically stacked, indicating a high aggradation to degradation ratio, corresponding with a regional base-level rise during glacier advance. At the beginning of the Late Pleistocene the terrace style changed from a vertical to a lateral stacking pattern, which is attributed to a decrease in accommodation space during glacier retreat. The formation of laterally attached terraces persisted into the Holocene. Major incision phases took place during MIS 5e, 5d, 5c, and probably early MIS 4, early MIS 3 and MIS 2 (Lateglacial). During MIS 5e and the Lateglacial the braided river systems changed into meandering rivers, indicated by preserved organic-rich flood-plain and point bar deposits. The Late Pleistocene braided river systems (MIS 5c to MIS 3) are characterized by a high sinuosity, which may be a direct effect of an increased downstream gradient after deglaciation when the channel lengthened and the river adjusted to the increased gradient by increasing sinuosity. These Middle Pleniglacial fluvial deposits are unconformably overlain by Lateglacial to Holocene meandering river deposits, which form laterally attached terraces, recording millennial-scale channel shifts. The lack of Late Pleniglacial deposits might be related to Late Weichselian forebulge formation.}, keywords = {Fluvial terrace architecture Climate Base-level Glacio-isostatic adjustment Luminescence dating Shear wave seismics}, ISSN = {0277-3791}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115300159}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Wintle, A. G.}, title = {Luminescence Dating Methods}, booktitle = {Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition)}, editor = {Holland, Heinrich D. and Turekian, Karl K.}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, pages = {17-35}, abstract = {Abstract An introduction to luminescence dating in an archeological context, covering both thermoluminescence of heated materials and optically stimulated luminescence of unheated sediments, is presented. Methods of determining the equivalent dose for chemically purified quartz, measured as both subsamples made up of many thousands of grains and as individual grains, are discussed. The mathematical combination and visual presentation of the multiple equivalent dose values obtained in repeated measurements on the same sample are explained using examples from archeological sites. Problems such as mixing of sedimentary grains as a result of postdepositional disturbance or during sampling are discussed. Problems connected with measurement of the dose rate are also presented using archeological applications. The impact of applying luminescence dating to sites with evidence for the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa, the Aterian and earlier stone industries in North Africa, and human arrival in Australia is reviewed in depth.}, keywords = {Archeology Dating Luminescence}, ISBN = {978-0-08-098300-4}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01203-1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080959757012031}, year = {2014}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Wu, Tzu-Shuan and Jain, Mayank and Guralnik, Benny and Murray, Andrew S. and Chen, Yue-Gau}, title = {Luminescence characteristics of quartz from Hsuehshan Range (Central Taiwan) and implications for thermochronometry}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {104-109}, abstract = {The mountain building processes in Taiwan are currently among the most rapid in the world. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of this orogen are still poorly resolved within the <0.5 Ma timescale, reflecting methodological gaps in addressing young and rapid bedrock cooling by erosion. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) from quartz is an emerging thermochronometer that could potentially provide valuable low-temperature markers on a ∼0.1 Ma timescale. Here we study four meta-sandstone samples from the Hsuehshan Range in central Taiwan. We characterize the OSL from these samples in terms of feldspar contamination, saturation dose, signal components, and thermal stability. We conclude that the OSL is dominated by the fast component, and is therefore amenable to dose measurement using the SAR protocol. Based on the luminescence characteristics and ambient dose rate, we suggest that these samples may be valuable for evaluating recent cooling rates exceeding 360 ± 100 °C/Ma, in places where the alternative thermal scenarios (instantaneous cooling or prolonged isothermal storage) may be ruled out by external geological constraints.}, keywords = {Luminescence Quartz OSL-Thermochronemetry Taiwan Kinetic parameters Fast component}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.03.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135044871500058X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Xu, Hongyan and Jiang, Hanchao and Yu, Song and Yang, Huili and Chen, Jie}, title = {OSL and pollen concentrate 14C dating of dammed lake sediments at Maoxian, east Tibet, and implications for two historical earthquakes in AD 638 and 952}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {371}, number = {0}, pages = {290-299}, abstract = {Formation of dammed lakes provides exceptionally important information of continental geological processes, responding to tectonic and climatic influences. Establishing accurate geochronological frameworks within lake strata is challenging because the stratigraphy is often bereft of biostratigraphy and directly dateable material. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates are well-established tools for dating lake sediments. Whether they are suitable for lake sediments in high-alpine settings remains uncertain. In this study, OSL and AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrate were conducted on the Diaolin section in a high-alpine setting in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Good match of both dating results suggests that they are fit for dating lake sediments in high-alpine settings. More than 300 g of sediment is required for preparation of pollen concentrates. During the pretreatment, ∼3% NaOH solution should be added to the sample, and then heated until just boiling (≤5 min) because NaOH treatment easily destroys pollen grains. Applying the heavy liquid flotation with specific gravity of 1.74–1.76 is useful to isolate relatively pure pollen grains. Sieving with a 20-μm and 63-μm mesh can concentrate pollen grains substantially. The OSL and AMS 14C dating yielded the basal age of the Diaolin section (650 AD). This indicates that the dammed-lake formed around 650 AD, probably caused by the earthquake occurring in the study area in 638 AD. The seismites characterized by soft-sediment deformation and phyllite layer happened at 780–980 AD, probably corresponding to the earthquake occurring on November 20, 952 AD in the study area.}, keywords = {Dammed lake sediments OSL dating AMS 14C dating of pollen concentrates Eastern Tibet Historical earthquake}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.045}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214006971}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Xu, Shujian and Ding, Xinchao and Yu, Lupeng and Ni, Zhichao}, title = {Palaeoclimatic implications of aeolian sediments on the Miaodao Islands, Bohai Sea, East China, based on OSL dating and proxies}, journal = {Aeolian Research}, volume = {19, Part B}, pages = {259-266}, abstract = {The loess–paleosol sequences in Shandong Province, East China, is an important aeolian archive, which can provide information for aeolian activity, palaeoclimatic change and sea level change in eastern coast of China since the last interglacial period. However, for so long, most of the studies about loess have been focused on the Chinese Loess Plateau, remaining many questions and disputes about the loess in East China. The Xianjingyuan (XJY) section on the TIA, Bohai Sea, is a representative aeolian section for islands off the eastern coast of China. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, particle size and magnetic susceptibility were applied to date and analysis the loess–paleosol sequences in this section. The results show that: (1) The OSL ages at the depths of 0.8 m, 2.5 m, and 3.9 m are 12.6 ± 1.0 ka, 19.2 ± 1.1 ka and 56.9 ± 2.6 ka, respectively, and the loess started to accumulate at ca. 86.5 ka according to the depositional rates (2) The loess accumulated mainly during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2, i.e., Last glacial maximum and deglaciation, MIS4 and MIS3b with higher depositional rate, coarser grain size, and higher magnetic susceptibility; while paleosol mainly developed during MIS3a, MIS3c and MIS5 with lower depositional rate, finer grain size and lower magnetic susceptibility. (3) The palaeoclimatic changes and aeolian sediments evolution were mainly controlled by the changes of East Asian summer monsoon and sea levels.}, keywords = {Loess in Shandong Peninsula Luminescence dating Particle size Magnetic susceptibility Last interglacier–glacier Sea level changes}, ISSN = {1875-9637}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.02.001}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875963715000142}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Xu, Zhiwei and Lu, Huayu and Yi, Shuangwen and Vandenberghe, Jef and Mason, Joseph A. and Zhou, Yali and Wang, Xianyan}, title = {Climate-driven changes to dune activity during the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation in the Mu Us dune field, north-central China}, journal = {Earth and Planetary Science Letters}, volume = {427}, pages = {149-159}, abstract = {One significant change of terrestrial landscapes in response to past climate change has been the transformation between activity and stability of extensively distributed wind-blown sand dunes. The relations between the dynamics of the aeolian landscape and its drivers are not yet completely understood, however. Evidence of aeolian sand deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is scarce in many mid-latitude dune fields, whereas abundant evidence exists for aeolian sand accumulation during the deglaciation, i.e. after about 15 ka. Whether this contrast actually reflects changes in dune activity is still unclear, making paleoclimatic interpretation uncertain. Comprehensive field investigation and luminescence dating in the Mu Us dune field, north-central China, demonstrates that aeolian sands deposited during the LGM are preserved as fills in periglacial sand wedges and beneath loess deposits near the downwind dune field margin. The scarcity of LGM dune sand elsewhere in the dune field is interpreted as the result of intensive aeolian activity without substantial net sand accumulation. Increasing sand accumulation after 15 ka, reflected by much more extensive preservation, signals a change in sand supply relative to sand transportation through the dune field. Reduced wind strength and other environmental changes including regional permafrost degradation after 15 ka transformed the dune field state from net erosion to net accumulation; the dunes, however, remained largely mobile as they were in the LGM. Similar diverging patterns of dune sand accumulation and preservation before and after 15 ka in many mid-latitude dune fields imply broad climatic controls linked to the changes in high-northern-latitude forcing.}, keywords = {aeolian processes arid landscape deglacial warming dune chronologies paleoclimate periglacial processes}, ISSN = {0012-821X}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X1500429X}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Yang, LinHai and Long, Hao and Yi, Liang and Li, Ping and Wang, Yong and Gao, Lei and Shen, Ji}, title = {Luminescence dating of marine sediments from the Sea of Japan using quartz OSL and polymineral pIRIR signals of fine grains}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {257-263}, abstract = {Luminescence dating has long been used for chronological constraints on marine sediments due to the ubiquitous dating materials (quartz and feldspar grains) and its applicability over a relatively long time range. However, one of the main difficulties in luminescence dating on marine sediments is partial bleaching, which causes age overestimations. Especially, partial bleaching is typically difficult to be detected in the fine grain fraction (FG) of marine sediments. The recently developed feldspar post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) protocol can detect non-fading signals and thus avoid feldspar signal instability. In the current study, fine grains were extracted from a gravity core in the northern Sea of Japan, and the aim is to test the feasibility of using different luminescence signals with various bleaching rates to explore the bleaching conditions of fine grain fraction in marine sediments. The results suggest that the quartz OSL signal and polymineral pIRIR signals at stimulation temperatures of 150 °C and 225 °C (pIRIR150 and pIRIR225) of FG were well bleached prior to deposition. The OSL ages were used to establish a chronology for this sedimentary core and the resulting age-depth relationship is self-consistent and comparable with radiocarbon dates. We conclude that different luminescence signals with various bleaching rates can be used to test the bleaching conditions of fine grain fraction in marine sediments; and the luminescence dating can be applied to marine sediments with great potential.}, keywords = {Sea of Japan Marine sediment Luminescence dating Bleaching conditions Post-IR IRSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.05.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300170}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Yi, Shuangwen and Buylaert, Jan-Pieter and Murray, Andrew S. and Thiel, Christine and Zeng, Lin and Lu, Huayu}, title = {High resolution OSL and post-IR IRSL dating of the last interglacial–glacial cycle at the Sanbahuo loess site (northeastern China)}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {200-206}, abstract = {Northeastern China is located in the East Asian monsoon region; it is sensitive to both high and low latitude global climate systems. Loess deposits in the region have considerable potential as sensitive archives of past climate changes. However, research into loess deposition and climate change in this region is restricted by the lack of independent age control. In this study, coarse-grained quartz SAR OSL and K-feldspar post-IR infrared (IR) stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL; pIRIR290) methods have been used to date the Sanbahuo loess site in northeastern China. The quartz OSL characteristics are satisfactory. The measured pIRIR290 De's do not vary significantly with IR stimulation temperatures between 50 °C and 260 °C; a first IR stimulation temperature of 200 °C was adopted. Dose recovery tests were performed by adding different laboratory doses to both laboratory bleached (300 h SOL2) samples and natural samples; the results are satisfactory up to ∼800 Gy. Resulting quartz OSL and feldspar pIRIR290 ages are in good agreement at least back to ∼44 ka; beyond this feldspar pIRIR290 ages are older. The feldspar ages are consistent with the expected age of the S1 palaeosol (MIS 5). There appears to have been a period of fast loess deposition at ∼62 ka, perhaps indicative of winter monsoon intensification with a very cold and dry climate that lead to a serious desertification of dunefields in northeastern China.}, keywords = {Northeastern China Loess Quartz OSL Post-IR IRSL}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.013}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000266}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Yu, LuPeng and Lai, ZhongPing and An, Ping and Pan, Tong and Chang, QiuFang}, title = {Aeolian sediments evolution controlled by fluvial processes, climate change and human activities since LGM in the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {372}, number = {0}, pages = {23-32}, abstract = {Aeolian sediments are widely distributed in the eastern Qaidam Basin (QB), the main habitats for human in the hyper-arid basin during the Holocene, especially since 3 ka. The evolution of aeolian sediments is an important factor for the environmental change, and influence human activities and migration. However, many questions, e.g., when the aeolian sediments start to accumulate, what controls their initiation and how their evolution responds to climate change and human activities, still need further studies. In this study, we present a detailed Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) chronology for both aeolian and underlying fluvial sediments from the Tiekui Desert in the eastern QB to discuss aeolian and fluvial processes, climatic changes, desert evolution, and human activities. Dating results show that: (1) underlying fluvial sediments were formed during ∼23.9–12.1 ka, and the erosion caused by the fluvial process may provide an explanation for the absence of aeolian sediments during and before this period; (2) aeolian sediments accumulated from ca. 9–8 ka to modern times, with loess development from 9–8 ka to 1.6 ka and 1.4–0.7 ka, and dune sand accumulation at 1.6–1.4 ka and 0.7–0 ka. Through the comparison with the local and global palaeoclimatic records, we suggest that desert evolution in this region was sensitive to climatic changes induced by the Asian summer monsoon. Detailed local historical records of the past 2000 years suggest that desert evolution was also influenced by human activities.}, keywords = {OSL dating Desert evolution Palaeoenvironmental change Human activity Deglaciation and Holocene Qinghai-Tibetan plateau}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.043}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214006958}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zamora-Camacho, Araceli and Manuel Espindola, Juan and Schaaf, Peter and Ramirez, Angel and Godinez Calderon, Maria de Lourdes}, title = {Evidence of pre-Columbian settlements in the forest of the Tuxtla Volcanic Field, Veracruz, Mexico}, journal = {Geofisica Internacional}, volume = {54}, number = {3}, pages = {277-287}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, abstract = {The basaltic Los Tuxtlas Volcanic Field (LTVF) is located at the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico in the State of Veracruz, Mexico. The field is a massif composed of four large volcanic structures and hundreds of scoria cones, lava domes and maars. This area was in the past covered by a dense forest in whose margins flourished several of the ancient cities of importance in central and southern Veracruz. Within the forest no enduring archeological ruins have been found; but the present inhabitants of the area frequently find fragments of ceramics and stone that attest to the presence of what could have been small settlements with a seminomadic regime. Unfortunately the objects found have been removed from their emplacement and are difficult to date. However in the course of our study of the volcanic deposits in the area we found four mudflow deposits containing pre- Columbian pottery objects and shards, as well as charcoal in some of them. Sections of the deposits were observed in detail and sampled for granulometric analysis. The charcoal samples were dated using standard radiocarbon methods (C-14); where charcoal was absent the pottery shards were dated with thermoluminescence (TL) techniques. The samples from these sites yielded ages of 1176 +/- 100 years BP (TL), 1385 +/- 70 BP years (C-14), 1157 105 years BP (TL), and 2050+245-235 years BP (C-14). Since in the area there is no clayey and silty material suitable for production of pottery; the closest and largest prehispanic cities, Tres Zapotes or Matacapa, are located to the west of the LTVF.}, ISSN = {0016-7169}, DOI = {10.1016/j.gi.2015.04.019}, url = {://WOS:000357355200006}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zerboni, Andrea and Trombino, Luca and Frigerio, Chiara and Livio, Franz and Berlusconi, Andrea and Michetti, AlessandroM and Rodnight, Helena and Spötl, Christoph}, title = {The loess-paleosol sequence at Monte Netto: a record of climate change in the Upper Pleistocene of the central Po Plain, northern Italy}, journal = {Journal of Soils and Sediments}, volume = {15}, number = {6}, pages = {1329-1350}, abstract = { Purpose At the northern fringe of the Po Plain (northern Italy), several isolated hills exist, corresponding to the top of Late Quaternary anticlines. These hills were thoroughly surveyed for their soils and surficial geology, furnishing detailed archives of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the area. A new, thick and complex loess-paleosol sequence, resting upon fluvial/fluvioglacial deposits, exposed in a quarry at the top of the Monte Netto hill was studied in detail to elucidate its significance. Materials and methods Highly deformed fluvial and fluvioglacial deposits, probably of Middle Pleistocene age, are exposed in a clay pit at Monte Netto, underneath a 2- to 4-m-thick loess-paleosol sequence. A geopedological, sedimentological and micropedological investigation of the sequence shows a distinctive difference between the B horizons forming the sequence, while luminescence and radiocarbon age determinations and the occurrence of Palaeolithic lithic assemblages elucidate the chronology of the sequence. Results and discussion The pedosedimentary sequence consists of several loess layers showing different degrees of alteration; loess deposition and weathering occurred, according to optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and AMS-14C dating as well as archaeological materials, during the Upper Pleistocene. The lower part of the section consists of strongly weathered colluvial sediments overlying fluvial and fluvioglacial sediments. A tentative model of the exposed profiles involves the burial of the anticline, which forms the core of the hill, by loess strata since Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 4 and their subsequent weathering (and truncation) during subsequent interstadials. The degree of weathering of buried B horizons increases from the top of the sequence toward the bottom, suggesting a progressive decrease in the intensity of pedogenesis. Finally, the highly rubified paleosol at the top of the hill is regarded as a buried polygenetic soil or a vetusol, developed near the surface since the Middle Pleistocene. Conclusions The palaeopedological, geochronological and geoarchaeological analyses permit to define the phases and steps of development of the Monte Netto pedosedimentary sequence; the lower part of the sequence is dated to the Mid-Pleistocene, whereas loess accumulation occurred between MIS 4 and MIS 2. Moreover, analyses help to clarify the climatic and environmental context of alternating glacial and interstadial phases, during which the sediments where deposited, deformed and weathered. }, keywords = {Geochronology Late Quaternary Loess/paleosol Micropedology Pedosedimentary sequence Po Plain}, ISSN = {1439-0108}, DOI = {10.1007/s11368-014-0932-2}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-014-0932-2}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zha, Xiaochun and Huang, Chunchang and Pang, Jiangli and Liu, Jianfang and Xue, Xiaoyan}, title = {Reconstructing the palaeoflood events from slackwater deposits in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, China}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {380–381}, pages = {358-367}, abstract = {Through investigation in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, China, an aeolian loess-soil profile with four palaeoflood slackwater deposit (SWD) interbeds was found on the cliffed riverbanks in Yunxian county reach of Hubei province. Based on field observation, and laboratory analysis including magnetic susceptibility and particle-size distribution, the four palaeoflood SWDs were differentiated from aeolian loess and soil by sedimentary criteria and analytical results, and recorded four episodes of palaeoflood events in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River. By using stratigraphic correlation and OSL dating, the four palaeofloods were dated to 12,600–12,400 a B.P., 11,600–11,400 a B.P., 5500–5000 a B.P. and 1000–900 a B.P., respectively. According to the calculated maximum palaeoflood stage, the maximum peak discharges of the palaeofloods events were reconstructed by using the HEC-RAS one-dimensional model. The same hydrological method was used to calculate the peak discharge of the 2010 flood in the same reach. The error between the calculated and gauged discharges was 4.9%, showing that the reconstructed four palaeoflood discharges were reliable. The flood peak discharge–frequency relationship at 10,000-year timescale was established by a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, assessing reliability of peak discharge data in flood design for the water conservancy construction and flood mitigation.}, keywords = {Slackwater deposits Palaeoflood events Discharge reconstruction Upper reaches of Hanjiang River China}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.029}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214004029}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhang, Jifeng and Feng, Jin-Liang and Hu, Gang and Wang, Junbo and Yang, Yibo and Lin, Yongchong and Jiang, Tao and Zhu, Liping}, title = {Holocene proglacial loess in the Ranwu valley, southeastern Tibet, and its paleoclimatic implications}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {372}, number = {0}, pages = {9-22}, abstract = {Glaciers and aeolian sediments are widespread on the Tibetan Plateau. Although glaciations have played an important role in the formation of loess in many glaciated regions in the Northern Hemisphere, proglacial loess on the Tibetan Plateau is rarely reported, and its origin, source, and paleoclimatic implications remain unclear. We have found a small area of proglacial loess deposits in the Ranwu valley, southeastern Tibet. Grain-size, geochemical and geomorphologic evidence, as well as observations of local dust storms, reveal that the outwash sediments of the Laigu glacier (∼30 km long) are the primary source for the local loess. We also found that the glacial wind from this glacier is the main transport vector, and thus speculate that the onset of the Ranwu loess, at ca. 6.6 ka, correlates with the early Neoglacial advance of the Laigu glacier, which generated glacial winds and local dust storms in the closed and deep-incised glacial valley. This is supported by the basal radiocarbon ages of two ice cores and a synthesis of Holocene glacial stadials on the Tibetan Plateau. Loess layers and paleoclimatic proxies indicate two drought stages at ca. 6.6–6 ka and ca. 2.9 ka to the present, corresponding to two well-documented weakened stages of the Indian Summer Monsoon. This study highlights that, although local aeolian sediments always cover a small area, they also have potential to record some clues of regional climate changes in some alpine regions. Much more detailed studies should be done to reveal their specific formation mechanisms and paleoclimatic implications.}, keywords = {Proglacial loess Glacier Indian Summer Monsoon Holocene Tibetan Plateau}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.016}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214002249}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhang, Jingran and Nottebaum, Veit and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Lehmkuhl, Frank and Frechen, Manfred}, title = {Late Pleistocene and Holocene loess sedimentation in central and western Qilian Shan (China) revealed by OSL dating}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {372}, number = {0}, pages = {120-129}, abstract = {The knowledge of loess accumulation in the central and western Qilian Shan was restricted to the time span since 13–11 ka until present. Loess deposits prior to this period have not yet been reported. In this study 23 loess samples from the northern piedmont of central and western Qilian Shan area have been dated using fine-grained quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating technique to set up a chronological framework for the loess sedimentation in this region. Our results demonstrate that the deposition of dust was widespread since the last deglaciation (∼13 ka) until ∼3.6 ka in the northern piedmont of the central and western Qilian Shan area. Furthermore, the chronology of the loess sedimentation has been extended back at least to ∼81 ka, which is remarkably older than previously thought. The existence of suitable environmental conditions (e.g. vegetation cover) for loess accumulation can be deduced in the central and western Qilian Shan for the Holocene and late Pleistocene. However, the loess sedimentation has been revealed to be discontinuous before ∼13 ka as indicated by its episodic occurrence.}, keywords = {Loess OSL dating Qilian Shan Late Pleistocene Holocene}, ISSN = {1040-6182}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.054}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214010106}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhang, Jingran and Tsukamoto, Sumiko and Nottebaum, Veit and Lehmkuhl, Frank and Frechen, Manfred}, title = {De plateau and its implications for post-IR IRSL dating of polymineral fine grains}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {147-153}, abstract = {In this study, the behaviour of post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) signals from polymineral fine grains (4–11 um) has been systematically investigated under various preheat and stimulation conditions, by using four loess samples from the Qilian Shan in northwestern China. We varied the preheat temperatures from 180 °C to 340 °C with a 20 °C increment and the pIRIR stimulation temperature tracks the preheat temperature by −30 °C, following an IR stimulation at 50 °C (IR50). All pIRIR signals fade much less than the IR50 signals and the measured fading rates, ranging between 1.50 ± 0.15%/decade and −0.29 ± 0.73%/decade, display a general but slight decreasing trend with increasing preheat and stimulation temperatures. For both IR50 and pIRIR signals, the residual doses gradually increase towards the higher preheat and stimulation temperatures, indicating that both signals become harder to bleach at higher temperatures. A significant increase in the pIRIR Des is observed as a function of preheat (stimulation) temperature. A De plateau appears between 240 °C and 280 °C preheat temperatures, regardless of expected ages obtained from the quartz De from the same samples. After the fading correction, there is a general agreement between the pIRIR and IR50 ages obtained from the preheat temperatures below 260 °C. This may imply that only the lower temperature pIRIR signals were fully bleached before deposition for our samples.}, keywords = {Post-IR IRSL dating De plateau Polymineral fine grains Luminescence intensity Anomalous fading Residual dose}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.02.003}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000163}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhang, Jia-Fu and Huang, Wei-Wen and Hu, Yue and Yang, Shi-Xia and Zhou, Li-Ping}, title = {Optical dating of flowstone and silty carbonate-rich sediments from Panxian Dadong Cave, Guizhou, southwestern China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {479-486}, abstract = {Panxian Dadong Cave located in the western Guizhou is a very important Paleolithic site in China. At this site bone and stone artifacts, human teeth and mammalian fossils (known as Ailuropoda-Stegodon fauna) were found, and the site was previously dated to 120–300 ka using ESR/uranium-series methods. In this study, we successfully extracted fine quartz grains from flowstone and silty carbonate-rich sediments in the excavated area. The quartz extracts displayed excellent luminescence properties, and satisfied the SAR (single-aliquot regenerative dose method) acceptance criteria. The sensitivity-corrected OSL signals are not saturated at a dose up to about 1400 Gy. The cultural unit was OSL dated to 190–300 ka, corresponding to MISs 7–8. The flowstone deposits overlying the cultural unit were determined to be 13–190 ka and the silty carbonate-rich sediments underlying the cultural unit to be 300–360 ka. The optical ages are in general agreement with the coupled ESR/U-series and U-series ages.}, keywords = {Optical dating Flowstone Silty carbonate-rich sediment Cave sediment Radioactive equilibrium Middle Pleistocene site Panxian Dadong}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.011}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000126}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhao, Hui and Li, Sheng-Hua and Li, Bo and Li, Guo-Qiang}, title = {Holocene climate changes in westerly-dominated areas of central Asia: Evidence from optical dating of two loess sections in Tianshan Mountain, China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {188-193}, abstract = {Optical dating was applied to two loess-paleosol sections (Lujiaowan and Shuixigou) from the northern piedmont of Tianshan Mountain, Xinjiang province, China. The two sections are over 200 km apart and have a similar depositional sequence, which consists of two paleosol layers embedded by one loess layer. Two difficulties were met in optical dating. First, because the sections are located on the slope of the mountain, it was found that some cliff debris, with coarse grains (>200 μm), were mixed with the eolian sediments by rainfall, especially in the paleosol layers. Second, the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals of quartz grains from the deposits were too dim to obtain a reliable equivalent dose (De). The 63–90 μm K-feldspar grains were separated to decrease the debris portion, and they yielded bright infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) signals. A multiple-elevated-temperature post-IR IRSL (MET-pIRIR) procedure was applied to determine De. Comparing the optical dating ages of the two sections, the Lujiaowan (LJW) and Shuixigou (SXG) sections recorded almost the same depositional process during the Holocene. The ages of the two loess layers (2.44–3.38 ka at LJW; 2.47–4.36 ka at SXG) suggested that one drought event happened widely in this westerly dominated area. The same drought event 2.5–3.5 ka ago also happened in the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), where the summer monsoon dominated. However, the paleosol development period (6.6–4 ka) in the study area was distinguished from the monsoon dominated area (8–4 ka), which suggests an arid early Holocene in the westerly area.}, keywords = {OSL MET-pIRIR Loess-paleosol sequence Westerly Monsoon Holocene}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300030}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhao, Hua and Liu, Zhe and Wang, Cheng-Min and Li, Sheng-Hua}, title = {Luminescence dating of volcanic eruptions in Datong, northern China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {357-362}, abstract = {In this study, fine-grain quartz was used for luminescence dating for lava baked samples from different sites in Datong. Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL), thermal transferred OSL (TT-OSL)/recuperated OSL (Re-OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating protocols were applied. For these samples, the OSL signals saturate at about 300–400 Gy, which limits their age to less than 100 ka based on their ambient dose rates. The TT-OSL/Re-OSL method has poor dose recovery. TL dating gives reliable results, and multiple-aliquot regenerative-dose TL method with sensitivity change correction based on the 325 °C TL peak of a test dose can be applied for samples up to 400 ka. The results indicate that the ages of the volcanoes in Datong are from 380 ka to 84 ka. The volcanic activity started earlier in the southeast area than those in the northwest part, which is consist with the literature data.}, keywords = {Datong volcanoes Thermoluminescence dating Fine grain quartz}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.04.012}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415300133}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhao, Qiuyue and Thomsen, Kristina Jørkov and Murray, Andrew Sean and Wei, Mingjian and Pan, Baolin and Song, Bo and Zhou, Rui and Chen, Shuzhen and Zhao, Xiaohong and Chen, Hongyi}, title = {Testing the use of OSL from quartz grains for dating debris flows in Miyun, northeast Beijing, China}, journal = {Quaternary Geochronology}, volume = {30, Part B}, pages = {320-327}, abstract = {Extreme seasonal summer rain storms are common in the mountains to the north east of Beijing and these often result in mass movement of sediment slurries transported for up to a few km. These debris flows can be deadly and are very destructive to infrastructure and agriculture. This project tests the application of luminescence dating to determining the return frequency of such extreme events. The high sediment concentration and the very short flow duration gives very little opportunity for daylight resetting during transport and only a small fraction of the total mass is likely to be reset before transport begins. Here we examine the quartz single-grain dose distribution from a recent known-age (<25 years) debris flow from a small (∼3.9 km2) catchment ∼140 km north of Beijing and compare it with those from three samples from a sedimentary sequence containing the evidence of multiple flow events. Multi-grain quartz OSL signals are dominated by the fast component and <1% of the 150–200 μm grains give a detectable test dose (4.5 Gy) response. Single-grain beta dose recovery gave a ratio of 0.97 ± 0.06 (n = 30) with an over-dispersion of 23 ± 8% (CAM). Both the recent known age and the palaeo-distributions are highly dispersed with over-dispersions greater than 50%. The average weighted doses range between ∼3 mGy and ∼6.5 Gy, indicating that all deposits are no more than a few thousand years. Minimum age modelling give an age estimate for the youngest sample consistent with the known age, and minimum ages for the older palaeo-deposits suggest that there have been at least 3 major debris flows in this small catchment in the last 1000 years.}, keywords = {Debris flow deposits Quartz Single-grain dating SAR}, ISSN = {1871-1014}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.007}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871101415000564}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zhou, Ling and Jin, Zhangdong and Wang, Chia-Hui and Li, Fuchun and Wang, Yujiao and Wang, Xulong and Zhang, Fei and Chen, Liumei and Du, Jinhua}, title = {Otolith microchemistry of modern versus well-dated ancient naked carp Gymnocypris przewalskii: Implication for water evolution of Lake Qinghai}, journal = {Journal of Asian Earth Sciences}, volume = {105}, pages = {399-407}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 1878-5786}, abstract = {There is ongoing debate over how the water level and composition of the water in Lake Qinghai changed in the past and might change in future. This study of the microchemistry of otoliths from ancient naked carp explores the chemistry of a relict lake isolated from Lake Qinghai during the Little Ice Age (LIA). A close correlation between the ages measured on fish bone and otoliths by AMS-C-14, and by optically stimulated luminescence on overlying sediments, confirms a high water level in Lake Qinghai before 680-300 years ago. The contrasting compositions of the ancient otoliths relative to modern otoliths and waters indicate that the relict lake became enriched in O-18, Mg, Li, B and to a lesser extent Ba, but depleted in C-13, owing to strong evaporation, authigenic carbonates precipitation, (micro-)organism activity, and less fresh water input after it was isolated. If there were long-term fresh water input, however, a reverse trend might occur. The most important observation is that, because the waters have been supersaturated with respect to carbonates, authigenic carbonate precipitation would result in low but consistent Sr/Ca ratios in the lakes, as recorded by both the ancient and modern otoliths. The geochemical records of ancient versus modern biogenic carbonates provide insights into the long-term hydroclimatic evolution processes of an inland water body. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, ISSN = {1367-9120}, DOI = {10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.02.006}, url = {://WOS:000355051700025}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zink, A. J. C.}, title = {Bayesian analysis of luminescence measurements}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {71-77}, abstract = {The age equation sets luminescence dating as a method of absolute dating. However, it is also characterized by the introduction of a large number of uncertainties. To assess these uncertainties, we decided to proceed under a Bayesian approach. The Bayesian approach is characterized by the formalization of the initial assumptions (prior). Thus, this approach can test the relevance of the different (expressed or implied) assumptions used to assess the dose. In the present communication, we focus on the relationship between the accumulated dose and the luminescence measurements in two cases: single aliquot regeneration and multiple aliquots additive dose methods. The aim is to see how the Bayesian approach can reduce the use of arbitrary criteria.}, keywords = {Luminescence dating Bayesian Single aliquot regeneration Multi-aliquot additive dose}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300093}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @inbook{ author = {Zöller, Ludwig and Wagner, GüntherA}, title = {Luminescence Dating, History}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods}, editor = {Jack Rink, W. and Thompson, Jeroen W}, series = {Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Dordrecht}, chapter = {66}, pages = {417-422}, abstract = {Luminescence dating is based on the perception in solid state physics that energy from the absorption of ionizing radiation can be stored in the crystal lattice of insulators as radiation damage. Thermal or optical stimulation of dosed mineral grains results in release of radiation-induced luminescence. The amount of radiation damage and, thus, the acquired luminescence signal is at least within certain limits, proportional to the time during which the insulating minerals were exposed to ionizing radiation. Assuming a constant rate of natural ionizing radiation the age is calculated as the ratio of the accumulated dose over the dose-rate. The present contribution deals with the history of luminescence dating from the first observations of the luminescence phenomenon via the first proposal to use it for dating purposes, and the first dating application to the present wide field of applications in archaeology, Quaternary geology, geomorphology and geoarchaeology.}, ISBN = {978-94-007-6303-6}, DOI = {10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_66}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_66}, year = {2015}, type = {Book Section} } @article{ author = {Zuccarello, A. R. and Caputo, R. and Gueli, A. M. and Bianca, M. and Troja, S. O.}, title = {New ESR ages for Piano San Nicola site, Gulf of Taranto, Italy}, journal = {Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica Ed Applicata}, volume = {56}, number = {3}, pages = {425-434}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0 2239-5695}, abstract = {At Piano San Nicola site (Basilicata region, southern Italy) four samples of Glycimeris sp. shells were collected from the uppermost fossiliferous stratigraphic level of one of the main Quaternary marine terraces of the Taranto Gulf, which extends across the external sector of the southern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, the Bradano Foredeep and the Apulian Foreland. These samples were analysed using the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) technique, applied for the first time to this area. The obtained new chronological results provided reliable absolute ages ranging between 40.4 +/- 7.7 ka and 64.0 +/- 11.2 ka, which are in good agreement with the datings known in literature and obtained by different chronological methods as well as palaeontological inferences. The absolute ages achieved by our study represent fresh evidence supporting the chronological correlation between the marine terrace where Piano San Nicola site is located (Policoro Terrace) and the Marine Isotope Substage (MIS) 3.3.}, ISSN = {0006-6729}, DOI = {10.4430/bgta0155}, url = {://WOS:000363319400005}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} } @article{ author = {Zular, André and Sawakuchi, André O. and Guedes, Carlos C. F. and Giannini, Paulo C. F.}, title = {Attaining provenance proxies from OSL and TL sensitivities: Coupling with grain size and heavy minerals data from southern Brazilian coastal sediments}, journal = {Radiation Measurements}, volume = {81}, pages = {39-45}, abstract = {In the São Francisco do Sul (SFS) barrier in southern Brazil, the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivities of coastal sands vary according to geomorphological units. Sands from older beach ridges (ages older than 2000 years ago) show higher OSL and TL sensitivities than younger units (ages younger than 2000 years). Geomorphological units in the SFS attest to changes in provenance as a result of a coastal climate shift evidenced through grain size and heavy mineral analysis. We argue that in the SFS barrier sands, OSL and TL sensitivity signals provide an additional proxy to climate events and can be used as an alternative method to assess changes in provenance and tracking source-to-sink systems to monitor past and future environmental changes.}, keywords = {OSL sensitivity TL sensitivity Coastal barrier Provenance Source-to-sink Paleoclimate}, ISSN = {1350-4487}, DOI = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.04.010}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448715300111}, year = {2015}, type = {Journal Article} }